These have been used in extremely high power applications, such as experiments in inertial confinement fusion.

Neodymium ions in various types of ionic crystals, and also in glasses, act as a laser gain medium, typically emitting 1064 nm light from a particular atomic transition in the neodymium ion, after being " pumped " into excitation from an external sourceNeodymium doped glass slabs used in extremely powerful lasers for inertial confinement fusion.

Neodymium glass solid-state lasers are used in extremely high power ( terawatt scale ), high energy ( megajoules ) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion.

The main alternative to magnetic confinement is inertial confinement fusion, such as that proposed by Project Daedalus.

Both the detailed design studies in the 1970s, the Orion drive and Project Daedalus, used inertial confinement.

Magnetized target fusion ( MTF ) is a relatively new approach that combines the best features of the more widely studied magnetic confinement fusion ( i. e. good energy confinement ) and inertial confinement fusion ( i. e. efficient compression heating and wall free containment of the fusing plasma ) approaches.

Like the magnetic approach, the fusion fuel is confined at low density by magnetic fields while it is heated into a plasma, but like the inertial confinement approach, fusion is initiated by rapidly squeezing the target to dramatically increase fuel density, and thus temperature.

Another popular confinement concept for fusion rockets is inertial electrostatic confinement ( IEC ), such as in the Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor or the Polywell variation being researched by the Energy-Matter Conversion Corporation.

* Advances in particle accelerator and fusion technology, including magnetic fusion, Free-electron lasers, accelerator mass spectrometry, and inertial confinement fusion.

This petawatt-class laser is used for a range of high-energy density physics experiments, including the science of fast ignition for inertial confinement fusion energy.

( For a modern attempt, see the Polywell inertial electrostatic confinement design by Robert Bussard.

The various phases of such a project are the following, the sequence of inertial confinement fusion development follows much the same outline:

At the moment, according to the available data, inertial confinement fusion experiments have not gone beyond the first phase, although Nova and others have repeatedly demonstrated operation within this realm.

* Bubble fusion is controversially claimed to be an acoustic form of inertial confinement fusion

Weapon yield is typically increased with a tamper that increases the duration and intensity of the reaction through inertial confinement and neutron reflection.

" The leading designs for controlled fusion research use magnetic ( tokamak design ) or inertial ( laser ) confinement of a plasma, with heat from the fusion reactions used to operate a steam turbine which in turn drives electrical generators, similar to the process used in fossil fuel and nuclear fission power stations.

Newer designs using inertial confinement fusion have been the baseline for most post-Orion designs, including Project Daedalus and Project Longshot.

At the time fusion research appeared to be making great strides, and in particular, inertial confinement fusion ( ICF ) appeared to be adaptable as a rocket engine.

Such arrays may be used to efficiently pump solid-state lasers for high average power drilling, burning or for inertial confinement fusion.

In contrast to the large mass, complexity and recirculating power of conventional drivers for inertial confinement fusion ( ICF ), antiproton annihilation offers a specific energy of 90 MJ per µg and thus a unique form of energy packaging and delivery.

Practical power plants built using ICF have been studied since the late 1970s when ICF experiments were beginning to ramp up to higher powers ; they are known as inertial fusion energy, or IFE plants.

In general, the use of radiation to implode something, as in a hydrogen bomb or in laser driven inertial confinement fusion, is known as radiation implosion.

Nova was a high-power laser built at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) in 1984 which conducted advanced inertial confinement fusion ( ICF ) experiments until its dismantling in 1999.

On the other hand, if we have a small object with equal inertial and passive gravitational masses falling in the gravitational field of an object with negative active gravitational mass ( a small mass dropped above a negative-mass planet, say ), then canceling out and would indicate that the acceleration a of the small object is proportional to the negative active gravitational mass of the object creating the gravitational field, so the small object would actually accelerate away from the negative-mass object rather than towards it ( and this is true regardless of whether the small object's inertial and passive gravitational masses were both positive or both negative ).

Without a live PTO, a high inertial load can cause the tractor to continue to move forward even when the foot clutch is depressed, creating an unsafe condition.

In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number is a measure of the ratio of inertial forces ( v < sub > s </ sub > ρ ) to viscous forces ( μ / L ) and consequently it quantifies the relative importance of these two types of effect for given flow conditions.

These conditions produce an inertial trajectory so long as gravity remains the only force.

Pre-flight tests had never been performed on the inertial platform under simulated Ariane 5 flight conditions so the error was not discovered before launch.

On the contrary, high Reynolds numbers indicate that the inertial forces are more significant than the viscous ( friction ) forces.

Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses.

The combined weight of the counterbalance and camera means that the armature bears a relatively high inertial mass which is not easily moved by small body movements from the operator ( much as it is difficult to quickly shake a bowling ball ).

As a guideline, nekton are larger and tend to swim largely at biologically high Reynolds numbers (> 10 ^ 3 and up beyond 10 ^ 9 ), where inertial flows are the rule, and eddies ( vortices ) are easily shed.

This machinery can best be described as a selective inertial damper, developed by engineers within the Thistledown with twofold purpose-to permit the Thistledown to accelerate to the limit of its engines ( up to 0. 99c ) and to selectively damp inertia within the vessel, e. g. water within waterways, high velocity train systems.

Many tens of thousands of RLGs are operating in inertial navigation systems and have established high accuracy, with better than 0. 01 °/ hour bias uncertainty, and mean time between failures in excess of 60, 000 hours.

During that time, he participated in the development of high performance, inertial measurement units and flight control computers.

In agricultural equipment an overrunning clutch is typically used on hay balers and other equipment with a high inertial load, particularly when used in conjunction with a tractor without a live power take-off ( PTO ).

For very high velocities in porous media, inertial effects can also become significant.

Indirect drive laser inertial confinement fusion uses a " hohlraum " which is irradiated with laser beam cones from either side on its inner surface to bathe a fusion microcapsule inside with smooth high intensity X-rays.

High powered Nd: glass lasers as large as a football field are currently used for inertial confinement fusion, nuclear weapon s research and other high energy density physics experiments.

In particular, it refers to velocities so high that the strength of materials upon impact is very small compared to inertial stresses.

When the density of mass in the FLRW metric is set to zero ( an empty ' Milne universe '), then the cosmological coordinate system used to write this metric becomes a non-inertial coordinate system in the flat Minkowski spacetime of special relativity, one where surfaces of constant time-coordinate appear as hyperbolas when drawn in a Minkowski diagram from the perspective of an inertial frame of reference.

For most confinement concepts, whether inertial, mirror, or toroidal confinement, the density and temperature can be varied over a fairly wide range, but the maximum pressure attainable is a constant.

The fusion power density is a good figure of merit to determine the optimum temperature for magnetic confinement, but for inertial confinement the fractional burn-up of the fuel is probably more useful.