It is during this period in Athens from 335 to 323 BC when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works.

In accordance with the Greek theorists, the Muslims considered Aristotle to be a dogmatic philosopher, the author of a closed system, and believed that Aristotle shared with Plato essential tenets of thought.

Aristotle, ( 384 – 322 BCE ), believed earth was the heaviest element, and his theory of natural place suggested that any earth – laden substances, would fall quickly, straight down, toward the center of the cosmos.

In alchemy, earth was believed to be primarily cold, and secondarily dry, ( as per Aristotle ).

Like Plato, Aristotle believed in an eternal cosmos with no beginning and no end ( which in turn follows Parmenides ' famous statement that " nothing comes from nothing ").

Although ancient Greek philosophers believed in individual virtue ethics, philosophers like " Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics not accept the formal principle that whatever the good is, we should seek only our own good, or prefer it to the good of others.

He also believed ( contra Aristotle ) that death was not to be feared.

Similarly, it was commonly believed by Medieval people that other ancient figures like the poet Virgil, astronomer Ptolemy and philosopher Aristotle had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.

Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ), however, believed the Milky Way to be caused by " the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together " and that the " ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere, in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions.

Aristotle ( Metaphysics 983b – 987a ) believed that the question of first causes may even have started with Hesiod ( Theogony 116 – 53 ) and Homer ( Iliad 14. 201, 246 ).

Aristotle believed that all matter was made up of aether, or some combination of four elements: earth, water, air, and fire.

; Universal science: The study of first principles, such as the law of noncontradiction, which Aristotle believed were the foundation of all other inquiries.

Aristotle, however, believed the heart was the center of intelligence and that the brain regulated the amount of heat from the heart.

There were several competing early theories of pain among the ancient Greeks: Aristotle believed that pain was due to evil spirits entering the body through injury, and Hippocrates believed that it was due to an imbalance in vital fluids.

Greek philosopher, Aristotle ( 384-322 BC ) believed dreams caused physiological activity.

Famous scholastics such as Aquinas believed him to be so important they did not refer to him by name, simply calling him " The Commentator " and calling Aristotle " The Philosopher.

Scientific racism began to flourish in the eighteenth century and was greatly influenced by Charles Darwin ’ s evolutionary studies, as well as ideas taken from the writings of philosophers like Aristotle ; for example, Aristotle believed in the concept of “ natural slaves ”.

Aristotle reported that it was believed Alcman died from a pustulant infestation of lice ( phthiriasis ), but he may have been mistaken for the philosopher Alcmaeon of Croton.

Aristotle believed that the moon was in the innermost sphere and therefore touches the realm of Earth, causing the dark spots ( macula ) and the ability to go through lunar phases.

Aristotle believed that happiness, or eudaimonia is constituted by rational activity in accordance with virtue over a complete life.

Aristotle depended on first-hand information for his account of elephants, but like most Westerners he believed the animals live for two hundred years.

Aristotle believed no general rule on lying was possible, because anybody who advocated lying could never be believed, he said.

* 4th century BC — Aristotle believes the Milky Way to be caused by " the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together " and that the " ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere, in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions ",

The first volume, Aristotle Leads the Way was published in 2004 ; Newton at the Center was published in 2005 ; and Einstein Adds a New Dimension followed in 2007.

But Aristotle kept the principle of levels and even augmented it by describing in the Poetics what kinds of character and action must be imitated if the play is to be a vehicle of serious and important human truths.

so, e.g. did Aristotle argue, although this may not be an observational reason in favor of circularity.

Because motion which begins and ends at discrete places would ( e.g. for Aristotle ) be incomplete.

In his study Samuel Johnson, Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts ''.

Both Aristotle and Homer may in spirit be contemplating `` bust '' of the old-fashioned American dollar.

It has been suggested that Aristotle was probably the last person to know everything there was to be known in his own time.

Aristotle named chief executor his student Antipater and left a will in which he asked to be buried next to his wife.

Although his respect for Aristotle was diminished as his travels made it clear that much of Aristotle's geography was clearly wrong, when the old philosopher released his works to the public, Alexander complained " Thou hast not done well to publish thy acroamatic doctrines ; for in what shall I surpass other men if those doctrines wherein I have been trained are to be all men's common property?

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

There were the seeds ( spermata ) or miniatures of wheat and flesh and gold in the primitive mixture ; but these parts, of like nature with their wholes ( the homoiomereiai of Aristotle ), had to be eliminated from the complex mass before they could receive a definite name and character.

The challenge to the assumption that beauty was central to art and aesthetics, thought to be original, is actually continuous with older aesthetic theory ; Aristotle was the first in the Western tradition to classify " beauty " into types as in his theory of drama, and Kant made a distinction between beauty and the sublime.

He would not allow Aristotle, " the searcher after God among the heathen ," to be ranked with Moses.

In Aristotle, substances are to be clarified by stating their definition: a note expressing a larger class ( the genus ) followed by further notes expressing specific differences ( differentiae ) within the class.

In the scholastic era, Aquinas formulated the " argument from contingency ", following Aristotle in claiming that there must be something to explain why the Universe exists.

To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle famously expressed: “ To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god !” This form of citizenship was based on obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community.

An early attempt to understand memory can be found in Aristotle ’ s major treatise, On the Soul, in which he compares the human mind to a blank slate.

It may be traced to the ancient Ionian philosophers ( particularly Anaximenes ), from whom Aristotle, Hegel and Engels inherited the concept.