It is attributed to Linnaeus, although he neither invented the concept of ranked classification ( it goes back to Plato and Aristotle ) nor gave it its present form.

Although the word " metaphysics " goes back to Aristotelean philosophy, Aristotle himself credited earlier philosophers with dealing with metaphysical questions.

It is a traditional model which goes back at least to some of the classical Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

In it the narrator rides to ancient Greece on a hippogriff, meets Aristotle, and goes on a voyage with Alexander the Great before returning to the 19th century.

* The Greek philosopher and scientist, Aristotle, goes to Athens as a pupil at Plato's Academy.

Aristotle adds another qualification to that of being virtuous but not entirely good when he says, “ He must be one who is highly renowned and prosperous .” He goes on to give examples such as Oedipus and Thyestes .”

Aristotle wrote “ The finest form of Discovery is one attended by Peripeteia, like that which goes with the Discovery in Oedipus …”.

It is a traditional model which goes back at least to some of the classical Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

From this starting point, Aristotle goes into discussion of what ethics, a term Aristotle helped develop, means.

The distinction between the two goes at least as far back as the ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, who distinguished between theory ( theoria, or a wide, bird's eye view of a topic, or clear vision of its structure ) and practice ( praxis ), as well as productive knowledge ( techne ).

The oldest definition of " perfection ", fairly precise and distinguishing the shades of the concept, goes back to Aristotle.

Aristotle also tended to stratify all aspects of human nature and activity into levels of excellence and, like Plato, he put the pure and unimpassioned intellect on the top level.

Plato and Aristotle agree on some vital literary issues.

Aristotle " says that ' on the subject of reasoning ' he ' had nothing else on an earlier date to speak of '".

The first Greek Christians to comment extensively on Aristotle were John Philoponus, Elias, and David in the sixth century, and Stephen of Alexandria in the early seventh century.

Averroes, Avicenna and Alpharabius, who wrote on Aristotle in great depth, also influenced Thomas Aquinas and other Western Christian scholastic philosophers.

Ayn Rand accredited Aristotle as " the greatest philosopher in history " and cited him as a major influence on her thinking.

The secondary literature on Aristotle is vast.

Essays on Plato and Aristotle, Oxford University Press, USA.

Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity.

Articles on Aristotle Vol 1.

* Scholarly surveys of focused topics from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: articles on Aristotle, Aristotle in the Renaissance, Biology, Causality, Commentators on Aristotle, Ethics, Logic, Mathematics, Metaphysics, Natural philosophy, Non-contradiction, Political theory, Psychology, Rhetoric

Category: Commentators on Aristotle

Albertus was the first to comment on virtually all of the writings of Aristotle, thus making them accessible to wider academic debate.

The study of Aristotle brought him to study and comment on the teachings of Muslim academics, notably Avicenna and Averroes, and this would bring him in the heart of academic debate.

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

On the subject of alchemy and chemistry, many treatises relating to Alchemy have been attributed to him, though in his authentic writings he had little to say on the subject, and then mostly through commentary on Aristotle.

Category: Latin commentators on Aristotle

The press was started by Aldus based on his love of classics, and at first printed new copies of Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek and Latin classics.

The oldest surviving writing to explicitly consider the rules by which reason operates are the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, especially Prior Analysis and Posterior Analysis.

While some philosophers such as Aristotle ( and George Bernard Shaw ) consider pride a profound virtue, some world religions consider it a sin, such as is expressed in Proverbs 11: 2 of the Old Testament.

To this difference, consider Aristotle ’ s theory.

* Having virtue but being inactive, even suffering evils and misfortunes, which Aristotle says no one would consider unless they were defending a hypothesis.

For ( 2 ), likewise, consider the following substitutions: " Aristotle " → " The tutor of Alexander the Great "; " Aristotle " → " The author of the ' Prior Analytics '"; " had a sister " → " had a sibling with two X-chromosomes "; " had a sister " → " had a parent who had a non-male child ".

Aristotle did not consider all possibilities the same, and emphasized the importance of those that become real of their own accord when conditions are right and nothing stops them.

But whether Aquinas correctly read Aristotle is a disputed question.

Aristotle also identifies three different types or genres of civic rhetoric: forensic ( also known as judicial, was concerned with determining truth or falsity of events that took place in the past, issues of guilt ), deliberative ( also known as political, was concerned with determining whether or not particular actions should or should not be taken in the future ), and epideictic ( also known as ceremonial, was concerned with praise and blame, values, right and wrong, demonstrating beauty and skill in the present ).

" Aristotle reported that the wife of Hieron once asked Simonides whether it was better to be wealthy or wise, to which he apparently replied: " Wealthy ; for I see the wise spending their days at the doors of the wealthy.

According to Timothy Robinson, it is unclear whether Aristotle identifies the soul with the body's structure.

Plutarch tells of a similar story, reporting that it comes from a work entitled On Good Birth, but he expresses doubt as to whether it was written by Aristotle.

One of the oldest and most controversial topics in this area is whether mathematics is internal or external, tracing back to the arguments of Plato, an externalist, and Aristotle, an internalist.

Concerning accuracy and whether ethics can be treated in an objective way, Aristotle points out that the " things that are beautiful and just, about which politics investigates, involve great disagreement and inconsistency, so that they are thought to belong only to convention and not to nature ".

According to Aristotle the potential for this virtue is by nature in humans, but whether virtues come to be present or not is not determined by human nature.

The question for the Chicago School ( as it was for Aristotle ) was always what the purpose of the theory of criticism was, what hypotheses were brought to bear by the theory about the nature of literature ( for instance, whether it consisted of the words alone, or whether it was to be thought of as part of a larger context such as an era or an artist's life ), and the definitions of words ( such as the definition of tragedy or comedy ).

According to a fragment of Aristotle, the first author of Socratic dialogue was Alexamenus of Teos, but we do not know anything else about him, whether Socrates appeared in his works, or how accurate Aristotle was in his antagonistic judgement about him.

Even Neander's final argument with Crites over whether rhyme is suitable in drama depends on Aristotle's Poetics: Neander says that Aristotle demands a verbally artful (" lively ") imitation of nature, while Crites thinks that dramatic imitation ceases to be " just " when it departs from ordinary speech -- i. e. prose or blank verse.

Exactly what this sense is, and whether Aristotle is using it in a consistent manner, have both been long debated.

Aristotle classified constitutions on two grounds: how many citizens had a voice in making the laws ; and whether they did so considering the good of all citizens, or only their own.

The debate of whether or how deaf children should be taught started before even Socrates, Aristotle, and St. Augustine.

Aristotle discusses the parts of the household, which includes slaves, leading to a discussion of whether slavery can ever be just and better for the person enslaved or is always unjust and bad.

Aristotle questions whether it is sensible to speak of the " virtue " of a slave and whether the " virtues " of a wife and children are the same as those of a man before saying that because the city must be concerned that its women and children be virtuous, the virtues that the father should instill are dependent upon the regime and so the discussion must turn to what has been said about the best regime.