Aristotle had made no secret of his contempt for Alexander's pretense of divinity, and the king had executed Aristotle's grandnephew Callisthenes as a traitor.

Aristotle " says that ' on the subject of reasoning ' he ' had nothing else on an earlier date to speak of '".

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

On the subject of alchemy and chemistry, many treatises relating to Alchemy have been attributed to him, though in his authentic writings he had little to say on the subject, and then mostly through commentary on Aristotle.

There were the seeds ( spermata ) or miniatures of wheat and flesh and gold in the primitive mixture ; but these parts, of like nature with their wholes ( the homoiomereiai of Aristotle ), had to be eliminated from the complex mass before they could receive a definite name and character.

According to Aristotle, he expanded the number of characters in plays to allow for conflict amongst them, whereas previously characters had interacted only with the chorus.

Nevertheless, according to Aristotle some thought that Aeschylus had revealed some of the cult's secrets on stage.

Aristotle knew of this tradition when he began his Metaphysics, and had already drawn his own conclusion, which he presented under the guise of asking what being is :" And indeed the question which was raised of old is raised now and always, and is always the subject of doubt, viz., what being is, is just the question, what is substance?

As Aristotle offered the categories and the act of existence, and Aquinas the analogy of being, the rationalists also had their own system, the great chain of being, an interlocking hierarchy of beings from God to dust.

Some philosophers who have had more noteworthy theories are Parmenides, Leucippus, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Plotinus, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hegel, Heidegger, and Sartre.

Charles Sanders Peirce, who had read Kant closely and who also had some knowledge of Aristotle, proposed a system of merely three phenomenological categories: Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness, which he repeatedly invoked in his subsequent writings.

Plato ( c. 427 – 347 BC ) and Aristotle ( c. 384 – 322 BC ) both posited first cause arguments, though each had certain notable caveats.

Theologian Benjamin Wiker argues that Aristotle had ideas similar to those of some modern conservatives.

To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle famously expressed: “ To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god !” This form of citizenship was based on obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community.

Aristotle had it that an object's essential attributes form its " essential nature ", and that a definition of the object must include these essential attributes.

Aristotle asserted that man had three natures: vegetable ( physical / metabolism ), animal ( emotional / appetite ) and rational ( mental / conceptual ).

Although most of the relevant tissues and endocrine glands had been identified by early anatomists, a more humoral approach to understanding biological function and disease was favoured by the ancient Greek and Roman thinkers such as Aristotle, Hippocrates, Lucretius, Celsus, and Galen, according to Freeman et al., and these theories held sway until the advent of germ theory, physiology, and organ basis of pathology in the 19th century.

Early medieval writers often had fuzzy and imprecise impressions of both Ptolemy and Aristotle and relied more on Pliny, but they felt ( with one exception ), little urge to assume flatness.

Prior to this work, the concept of a set was a rather elementary one that had been used implicitly since the beginnings of mathematics, dating back to the ideas of Aristotle.

Similarly, it was commonly believed by Medieval people that other ancient figures like the poet Virgil, astronomer Ptolemy and philosopher Aristotle had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.

The ancients had a variety of ideas about heredity: Theophrastus proposed that male flowers caused female flowers to ripen ; Hippocrates speculated that " seeds " were produced by various body parts and transmitted to offspring at the time of conception ; and Aristotle thought that male and female semen mixed at conception.

By Salutati's time, a few Latin texts of Aristotle had arrived in Europe via Muslim Spain and Sicily.

The enmity of Diopeithes to Philip appears to have recommended him to the favour of the king of Persia Artaxerxes III, who, as we learn from Aristotle, sent him some valuable presents, which arrived just prior to his death.

Because motion which begins and ends at discrete places would ( e.g. for Aristotle ) be incomplete.

Rembrandt's `` Aristotle Contemplating Bust of Homer '' brought $2,300,000 at auction the other night.

Aristotle remained at the academy for nearly twenty years before quitting Athens in 348 / 47 BC.

Aristotle conducted courses at the school for the next twelve years.

Aristotle not only studied almost every subject possible at the time, but made significant contributions to most of them.

* Bekker's Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle at Archive. org: volume 1, volume 2, volume 3, volume 4, volume 5

The press was started by Aldus based on his love of classics, and at first printed new copies of Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek and Latin classics.

Several of Alexander's works were published in the Aldine edition of Aristotle, Venice, 1495 – 1498 ; his De Fato and De Anima were printed along with the works of Themistius at Venice ( 1534 ); the former work, which has been translated into Latin by Grotius and also by Schulthess, was edited by J. C. Orelli, Zürich, 1824 ; and his commentaries on the Metaphysica by H. Bonitz, Berlin, 1847.

He taught philosophy and theology at the University of Paris and enjoyed a great reputation as a subtle dialectician ; his lectures developing the philosophy of Aristotle attracted a large circle of hearers.

He was a pupil of Proclus in Athens, and taught at Alexandria for most of his life, writing commentaries on Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers.

It depicts pagan sages at the foot of the Tree of Jesse, with Galen between the Sibyl and Aristotle.

While teaching ( 1589 – 92 ) at the University of Pisa, he initiated his experiments concerning the laws of bodies in motion, which brought results so contradictory to the accepted teachings of Aristotle that strong antagonism was aroused.

However, Aristotle also writes, " since it is impossible that contradictories should be at the same time true of the same thing, obviously contraries also cannot belong at the same time to the same thing " ( Book IV, CH 6, p. 531 ).

Adler soon returned to school to take writing classes at night where he discovered the works of men he would come to call heroes: Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, John Stuart Mill and others.

* 1977 – Manolis Andronikos, a Greek archaeologist and professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, discovers the tomb of Philip II of Macedon at Vergina.

the scheme of distributive and corrective justice that would be established under the best political community ; were this to take the form of law, this could be called a natural law, though Aristotle does not discuss this and suggests in the Politics that the best regime may not rule by law at all.

* 1919 – Manolis Andronikos, Greek archaeologist, professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki ( d. 1992 )

He became a master at Oxford, lecturing on Aristotle.