He noted its fading luminosity, speculated about its origin, and used the lack of observed parallax to argue that it was in the sphere of fixed stars, further undermining the doctrine of the immutability of the heavens ( the idea accepted since Aristotle that the celestial spheres were perfect and unchanging ).

Some of the earliest examples of such graphical records were developed by Porphyry of Tyros, a noted thinker of the 3rd century, as he graphically visualized the concept categories of Aristotle.

Aristotle in 350 BC in his Historia Animalium noted the habit of bird migration, moulting, egg laying and life spans.

In the 4th century BCE, Aristotle noted that " sunlight travelling through small openings between the leaves of a tree, the holes of a sieve, the openings wickerwork, and even interlaced fingers will create circular patches of light on the ground.

In an event noted by Aristotle, Klazomenians also appear as financial pioneers in economic history, for having used one commodity ( olive oil ), in an organized manner and on a city-scale, to purchase another ( wheat ), with interests refundable on the value of the first.

Although it has been assumed that the universities went into decline during the Renaissance because the scholastic and Aristotelian emphasis of its curriculum was less popular than the cultural studies of Renaissance humanism, Toby Huff has noted the continued importance of the European universities, with their focus on Aristotle and other scientific and philosophical texts, into the early modern period, arguing that they played a crucial role in the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.

The most noted of these was the Italian Ridolfo di Fioravante, nicknamed " Aristotle " because of his extraordinary knowledge, who built several cathedrals and palaces in the Kremlin.

An active school of philosophers in Spain, including the noted commentator Averroes ( 1126-1198 AD ) explicitly rejected the thought of al-Ghazali and turned to an extensive evaluation of the thought of Aristotle.

Purbach is also noted for his great attempt to reconcile the opposing theories of the universe, the so-called homocentric spheres of Eudoxus of Cnidus and Aristotle, with Ptolemy's epicyclic trains.

A number of medieval poets had, as already noted, shown an interest in the ideas of Aristotle and the writings of European Renaissance precursors such as Dante.

Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile.

Epidamnos was noted for being a politically advanced society, prompting Aristotle to praise its political system in controlling trade between the Greek colonists and the local barbarians.

The Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ), in the Nicomachean Ethics, noted such " market behaviour ", and said that the increased value of a commodity was relative to the buyer's demand for the commodity.

As March and Simon ( 1958 ) noted when tracing a first approach to departmentalization back to Aristotle ( Politics, Book IV, Chap.

Book II of Aristotle ’ s Rhetoric generally concentrates on ethos and pathos, and as noted by Aristotle, both affect judgment.

As Aristotle noted, ephors were the most important key institution of state, but because often they were appointed from the whole social body it resulted in very poor men holding office, with the ensuing possibility that they could easily be bought.

As such he was the central founder of the School of Isfahan, noted by his students and admirers as the Third Teacher ( mu ' alim al-thalith ) after Aristotle and al-Farabi.

And most of the great periods are represented, because we will compare Plato and Aristotle from the golden age of Greece ; ;

Together with Plato and Socrates ( Plato's teacher ), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy.

Aristotle not only studied almost every subject possible at the time, but made significant contributions to most of them.

Aristotle was one of the most revered Western thinkers in early Islamic theology.

200 AD ) was a Peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle.

He was a pupil of Proclus in Athens, and taught at Alexandria for most of his life, writing commentaries on Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers.

Thomas Aquinas ( c. 1225 – 1274 ), a theologian in Medieval Europe, adapted the argument he found in his reading of Aristotle and Avicenna to form one of the most influential versions of the cosmological argument.

Although most of the relevant tissues and endocrine glands had been identified by early anatomists, a more humoral approach to understanding biological function and disease was favoured by the ancient Greek and Roman thinkers such as Aristotle, Hippocrates, Lucretius, Celsus, and Galen, according to Freeman et al., and these theories held sway until the advent of germ theory, physiology, and organ basis of pathology in the 19th century.

Until the 19th century, the most common theory among scientists was still the concept of scala naturae, proposed by Aristotle.

Aristotle previously explained it in terms of vaporous exhalations, which Avicenna modified into the theory of petrifying fluids ( succus lapidificatus ), which was elaborated on by Albert of Saxony in the 14th century and accepted in some form by most naturalists by the 16th century.

The Greek historian Aristotle Kaillis wrote that it was Ribbentrop's influence with Hitler together with his insistence that the Western powers would in the end not go to war for Poland that was the most important reason why Hitler did not cancel Fall Weiß all together instead of postponing " X-day " for six days.

Aristotle spoke about a ' first philosophy ' which was the most general science and a ' second philosophy ' which dealt with nature ( or ' physis ').

Grosseteste's most famous disciple, Roger Bacon, wrote works citing a wide range of recently translated optical and philosophical works, including those of Alhazen, Aristotle, Avicenna, Averroes, Euclid, al-Kindi, Ptolemy, Tideus, and Constantine the African.

Kant claimed it was Hume ’ s skepticism about the nature of inductive reasoning and the conclusions of rationalist metaphysicians ( Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz ) that " roused him from his dogmatic ( i. e. rationalist ) slumbers " and spurred him on to one of the most far reaching re-evaluations of human reason since Aristotle.

" However, most of the essential features of the modern definition are present in the works of Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius.

Aristotle recognized four kinds of causes, and where applicable, the most important of them is the " final cause ".

The conclusions to be drawn from the discussions of Aristotle and Plato on this matter are amongst the most debated in the history of philosophy.

De Camp's most highly regarded works in the genre are his time travel and alternate history stories, including Lest Darkness Fall ( 1939 ), " The Wheels of If " ( 1940 ), " A Gun for Dinosaur " ( 1956 ), " Aristotle and the Gun " ( 1958 ), and The Glory That Was ( 1960 ) – in the last of which the " time travel " actually turns out to be a tour de force of historical recreation.

He wrote commentaries on most of the surviving works of Aristotle.

Averroes wrote commentaries on most of the surviving works of Aristotle working from Arabic translations.

The work of Aristotle, especially Poetics, was the most important influence upon literary criticism until the late eighteenth century.

Perhaps the most impressive of his inventions and the one essential to the series as a whole is the robot he designs and builds, Aristotle, which becomes a winning and likeable character in its own right.

The most important sources for French tragic theatre in the Renaissance were the example of Seneca and the precepts of Horace and Aristotle ( and contemporary commentaries by Julius Caesar Scaliger and Lodovico Castelvetro ), although plots were taken from classical authors such as Plutarch, Suetonius, etc., from the Bible, from contemporary events and from short story collections ( Italian, French and Spanish ).

In his Poetics, Aristotle considered plot ( mythos ) the most important element of drama — more important than character, for example.

But for them, we should be without the most important fragments of the writings of the Eleatics, of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Diogenes of Apollonia, and others, which were at that time already very scarce, as well as without many extracts from the lost books of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Eudemus: but for them we should hardly be able to unriddle the doctrine of the Categories, so important for the system of the Stoics.