The role of judgment and disagreement in science has been recognized since Aristotle and even more clearly with Francis Bacon.

Though not recognized by Aristotle, there is biological evidence, written about by Galen, that the human brain is an essential seat of human experience in the mode of presentational immediacy.

Aristotle recognized four kinds of causes, and where applicable, the most important of them is the " final cause ".

The divisions are recognized as being set by Aristotle and Plato ; however, they were not alone.

Lest Darkness Fall, " The Wheels of If " and " Aristotle and the Gun " have been recognized as seminal works in the field of alternate history.

While Aristotle recognized that many living things emerged from putrefying matter, he pointed out that the putrefaction was not the source of life, but the byproduct of the action of the " sweet " element of water.

Aristotle, in his Metaphysics, recognized amongst contemporary Platonists three principal views concerning the ideal numbers, and their relation to the ideas and to mathematical numbers:

In this, they are akin to Cynic philosophers such as Antisthenes and Diogenes in denying the importance to eudaimonia of external goods and circumstances, such as were recognized by Aristotle, who thought that severe misfortune ( such as the death of one ’ s family and friends ) could rob even the most virtuous person of eudaimonia.

The dramatic revelation of secrets from the backstory, as a useful technique for developing a story, was recognized as far back as Aristotle, in Poetics.

Aristotle, on the other hand, recognized the unhealthiness of pity and prescribed tragedy as a purgative.

Genre was not a black-and-white issue even for Aristotle, who recognized that though the " Iliad " is an epic it can be considered a tragedy as well, both because of its tone as well as the nobility of its characters.

The works of Aristotle on logic had been known earlier, and Aristotle was generally recognized as " the master of logic.

Because motion which begins and ends at discrete places would ( e.g. for Aristotle ) be incomplete.

Rembrandt's `` Aristotle Contemplating Bust of Homer '' brought $2,300,000 at auction the other night.

Aristotle remained at the academy for nearly twenty years before quitting Athens in 348 / 47 BC.

Aristotle conducted courses at the school for the next twelve years.

Aristotle not only studied almost every subject possible at the time, but made significant contributions to most of them.

* Bekker's Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle at Archive. org: volume 1, volume 2, volume 3, volume 4, volume 5

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

The press was started by Aldus based on his love of classics, and at first printed new copies of Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek and Latin classics.

Several of Alexander's works were published in the Aldine edition of Aristotle, Venice, 1495 – 1498 ; his De Fato and De Anima were printed along with the works of Themistius at Venice ( 1534 ); the former work, which has been translated into Latin by Grotius and also by Schulthess, was edited by J. C. Orelli, Zürich, 1824 ; and his commentaries on the Metaphysica by H. Bonitz, Berlin, 1847.

He taught philosophy and theology at the University of Paris and enjoyed a great reputation as a subtle dialectician ; his lectures developing the philosophy of Aristotle attracted a large circle of hearers.

He was a pupil of Proclus in Athens, and taught at Alexandria for most of his life, writing commentaries on Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers.

Aristotle had arrived at the real distinction between matter and form, metaphysical components whose interpenetration produces the paradox.

It depicts pagan sages at the foot of the Tree of Jesse, with Galen between the Sibyl and Aristotle.

The ancients had a variety of ideas about heredity: Theophrastus proposed that male flowers caused female flowers to ripen ; Hippocrates speculated that " seeds " were produced by various body parts and transmitted to offspring at the time of conception ; and Aristotle thought that male and female semen mixed at conception.

While teaching ( 1589 – 92 ) at the University of Pisa, he initiated his experiments concerning the laws of bodies in motion, which brought results so contradictory to the accepted teachings of Aristotle that strong antagonism was aroused.

However, Aristotle also writes, " since it is impossible that contradictories should be at the same time true of the same thing, obviously contraries also cannot belong at the same time to the same thing " ( Book IV, CH 6, p. 531 ).

Adler soon returned to school to take writing classes at night where he discovered the works of men he would come to call heroes: Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, John Stuart Mill and others.

* 1977 – Manolis Andronikos, a Greek archaeologist and professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, discovers the tomb of Philip II of Macedon at Vergina.

the scheme of distributive and corrective justice that would be established under the best political community ; were this to take the form of law, this could be called a natural law, though Aristotle does not discuss this and suggests in the Politics that the best regime may not rule by law at all.

* 1919 – Manolis Andronikos, Greek archaeologist, professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki ( d. 1992 )

He became a master at Oxford, lecturing on Aristotle.

A closer study of Greek Philosophy and Greek Mathematics demonstrates that nearly all of the so-called revolutionary results of the so-called scientific revolution were in actuality restatements of ideas that were in many cases older than those of Aristotle and in nearly all cases at least as old as Archimedes.

It is a traditional model which goes back at least to some of the classical Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Historical records show that informally classifying organisms took place at least back to the days of Aristotle ( Greece, 384-322 BC ), who was the first to begin to classify all living things.

In the Western philosophical tradition, discussion stretches back at least to Aristotle, and the topic remains a staple in contemporary philosophy.

Particularly important ( not least for its influence upon others, both in their interpretation of Aristotle and in rehabilitating a neo-Aristotelian " practical philosophy ") was his radical reinterpretation of Book Six of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and several books of the Metaphysics.

The concept has been in use since at least the time of Aristotle.

This distinction is at least as old as Aristotle ( see above ).

Besides these writings, Theophrastus was the author of several collections of problems, out of which some things at least have passed into the Problems that have come down to us under the name of Aristotle, and commentaries, partly dialogues, to which probably belonged the Erotikos, Megacles, Callisthenes, and Megarikos, and letters, partly books on mathematical sciences and their history.

Indeed, Aristotle writes, " It is clear that the soul, or at least some parts of it ( if it is divisible ), cannot be separated from the body.

" He held that corollarial deduction matches Aristotle's conception of direct demonstration, which Aristotle regarded as the only thoroughly satisfactory demonstration, while theorematic deduction ( A ) is the kind more prized by mathematicians, ( B ) is peculiar to mathematics, and ( C ) involves in its course the introduction of a lemma or at least a definition uncontemplated in the thesis ( the proposition that is to be proved ); in remarkable cases that definition is of an abstraction that " ought to be supported by a proper postulate.

Indeed, Aristotle writes, " It is clear that the soul, or at least some parts of it ( if it is divisible ), cannot be separated from the body.

Had a trustworthy tradition that the world was created out of nothing been known to Aristotle, he would have supported it by at least as strong arguments as those advanced by him to prove the eternity of matter.

Tragedy consists of six parts which Aristotle enumerates in order of importance, beginning with the most essential and ending with the least:

Aristotle calls spectacle the " least artistic " element of tragedy, and the " least connected with the work of the poet ( playwright ).

Inconsistency-tolerant logics have been discussed since at least 1910 ( and arguably much earlier, for example in the writings of Aristotle ); however, the term paraconsistent (" beside the consistent ") was not coined until 1976, by the Peruvian philosopher Francisco Miró Quesada.

It is a traditional model which goes back at least to some of the classical Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Murray does, however, concede that Aristotle is correct in that " There can be no portrayal of character ... without at least a skeleton outline of plot.

Desiderius Erasmus, the great Dutch humanist, even prepared a Greek edition of Aristotle, and eventually those teaching philosophy in the universities had to at least pretend that they knew Greek.

The association between bipolar disorder and creativity first appeared in literature in the 1970s, but the idea of a link between " madness " and " genius " is much older, dating back at least to the time of Aristotle.

Why Aristotle uses the same term to refer to at least two distinct ideas has confused readers for millennia.

The distinction between the two goes at least as far back as the ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, who distinguished between theory ( theoria, or a wide, bird's eye view of a topic, or clear vision of its structure ) and practice ( praxis ), as well as productive knowledge ( techne ).

A popular belief, stretching back at least to Aristotle in the 4th century B. C., holds that the Moon appears larger near the horizon due to a real magnification effect caused by the Earth's atmosphere.

While the traditional popular rendering of hamartia as " tragic flaw " ( or " fatal flaw ") is broadly imprecise and often misleading, it cannot be ruled out that the term as Aristotle understood it could sometimes at least partially connote a failure of morals or character: