Aristotle (, Aristotélēs ) ( 384 BC – 322 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as المعلم الأول-" The First Teacher ".

Aristotle, whose name means " the best purpose ," was born in Stageira, Chalcidice, in 384 BC, about east of modern-day Thessaloniki.

Aristotle was trained and educated as a member of the aristocracy.

Soon after Hermias ' death, Aristotle was invited by Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son Alexander in 343 BC.

Aristotle was appointed as the head of the royal academy of Macedon.

Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest, and his attitude towards Persia was unabashedly ethnocentric.

It has been suggested that Aristotle was probably the last person to know everything there was to be known in his own time.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

Although his respect for Aristotle was diminished as his travels made it clear that much of Aristotle's geography was clearly wrong, when the old philosopher released his works to the public, Alexander complained " Thou hast not done well to publish thy acroamatic doctrines ; for in what shall I surpass other men if those doctrines wherein I have been trained are to be all men's common property?

Aristotle was one of the most revered Western thinkers in early Islamic theology.

The title " teacher " was first given to Aristotle by Muslim scholars, and was later used by Western philosophers ( as in the famous poem of Dante ) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.

With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

Throughout European history, philosophers such as Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, among others, contemplated the possibility that souls exist in animals, plants, and people ; however, the currently accepted definition of animism was only developed in the 19th century by Sir Edward Tylor, who created it as " one of anthropology's earliest concepts, if not the first ".

Albertus was the first to comment on virtually all of the writings of Aristotle, thus making them accessible to wider academic debate.

Most modern knowledge of Aristotle was preserved and presented by Albertus.

His industry in every department was great, and though we find in his system many gaps which are characteristic of scholastic philosophy, his protracted study of Aristotle gave him a great power of systematic thought and exposition.

The press was started by Aldus based on his love of classics, and at first printed new copies of Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek and Latin classics.

200 AD ) was a Peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle.

His commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was styled, by way of pre-eminence, " the commentator " ( ὁ ἐξηγητής ).

He was a student of the two Stoic, or possibly Peripatetic, philosophers Sosigenes and Herminus, and perhaps of Aristotle of Mytilene.

By the 6th century Alexander's commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was referred to as " the commentator " ().

Western casuistry dates from Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ), yet the zenith of casuistry was from 1550 to 1650, when the Society of Jesus used case-based reasoning, particularly in administering the Sacrament of Penance ( or " confession ").

It may be traced to the ancient Ionian philosophers ( particularly Anaximenes ), from whom Aristotle, Hegel and Engels inherited the concept.

He particularly criticized the simple imitation of the French example and pleaded for a recollection of the classic theorems of Aristotle and for a serious reception of Shakespeare's works.

For Aristotle, the first cause was the unmoved mover, a being which set the universe into motion without itself being in motion, which has been read as God, particularly when Aristotle's work became prevalent again in the Medieval West.

A characteristic of process theology each of these thinkers shared was a rejection of metaphysics that privilege " being " over " becoming ", particularly those of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas.

This view of the scientific revolution reduces it to a period of relearning classical ideas that is very much an extension of the renaissance, specifically relearning ideas that originated with somebody other than Aristotle and particularly those rooted in the schools of Plato and Pythagoras.

Mimēsis is a concept, now popular again in academic discussion, that was particularly prevalent in Plato's works, and within Aristotle, it is discussed mainly in the Poetics.

The logic of Aristotle, and particularly his theory of the syllogism, has had an enormous influence in Western thought.

Anscombe recommends a return to the eudaimonistic ethical theories of the ancients, particularly Aristotle, which ground morality in the interests and well being of human moral agents, and can do so without appealing to any such lawgiver.

For Aristotle, the virtues function more as means to safeguard human relations, particularly authentic friendship, without which one's quest for happiness is frustrated.

" According to Aristotle, peripeteia, along with discovery, is the most effective when it comes to drama, particularly in a tragedy.

Kaiser is also a leading scholar on ancient and modern philosophy, particularly on Kant, Hegel, and most recently especially on Nietzsche, Plato, and Aristotle.

All living things have nutrition and growth as a work, all animals ( according to the definition of animal Aristotle used ) would have perceiving as part of their work, but what is more particularly human?

Its theoretical lineage is traceable to Aristotle ( Poetics ) but modern narratology is agreed to have begun with the Russian Formalists, particularly Vladimir Propp ( Morphology of the Folktale, 1928 ).

The remaining divisions planned for Being and Time ( particularly the divisions on time and being, Kant, and Aristotle ) were never published, although in many respects they are addressed in one form or another in Heidegger's other works.

Athens, however, was a particularly important state, and where Aristotle was living at the time ; it is plausible that, even if students did the others, Aristotle did that one himself, and possible that it was intended as a model for the rest.

Ekistics is derived from the Greek adjective οἰκιστικός more particularly from the neuter plural οἰκιστικά ( as physics is derived from φυσικά, Aristotle ).

In the definition of man as a two-legged animal Aristotle presumes that " two-legged " and " animal " are parts of other beings, but as far as man is concerned, are only potentially man.

Aristotle also identifies three different types or genres of civic rhetoric: forensic ( also known as judicial, was concerned with determining truth or falsity of events that took place in the past, issues of guilt ), deliberative ( also known as political, was concerned with determining whether or not particular actions should or should not be taken in the future ), and epideictic ( also known as ceremonial, was concerned with praise and blame, values, right and wrong, demonstrating beauty and skill in the present ).

Aristotle also says rhetoric is concerned with judgment because the audience judges the rhetor's ethos.

Instead they have brought to the fore the literary qualities of the History, which they see as belonging to narrative tradition of Homer and Hesiod and as concerned with the concepts of justice and suffering found in Plato and Aristotle and problematized in Aeschylus and Sophocles.

Aristotle was concerned about the physical nature of the system ; without unrollers, the outer motions would be transferred to the inner planets.

Dionysius ' concept marked a significant departure from the concept of mimesis formulated by Aristotle in the 4th century BC, which was only concerned with " imitation of nature " and not " imitation of other authors.

In his philosophy he was mainly concerned to defend Plato against the followers of Aristotle.

While the intrinsic optimists draw on Plato and Aristotle's writings on the value of philosophical inquiry, the instrumental optimists can draw on another aspect of the Ancients ' work: specifically, Aristotle was concerned both about " physics " ( and biology ) and " metaphysics ".

Aristotle defines virtuous character at the beginning of Book II in Nicomachean Ethics: “ Excellence of character, then, is a state concerned with choice, lying in a mean relative to us, this being determined by reason and in the way in which the man of practical wisdom would determine it.

Aristotle is also concerned with Alexander's actions and tells Cassandra that she will have to kill him should he continue to push eastward.

Aristotle questions whether it is sensible to speak of the " virtue " of a slave and whether the " virtues " of a wife and children are the same as those of a man before saying that because the city must be concerned that its women and children be virtuous, the virtues that the father should instill are dependent upon the regime and so the discussion must turn to what has been said about the best regime.

" According to Aristotle, logic is concerned with reasoning to reach scientific certainty while dialectic and rhetoric are concerned with probability and, thus, are the branches of philosophy that are best suited to human affairs.

Naturalists respond that biology has been profoundly concerned with the ways function constrains structure since the time of Aristotle and that Darwin's own awareness of teleology is evident in his study in functional constraints on the evolutionary development of the beaks of Galapagos finches, of which he wrote, " Seeing this gradation and diversity of structure in one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different ends.

The form of tragedy described as best by Aristotle and exemplified by Oedipus the King is, properly, concerned more with the tragic operations of fate than with a thematized conflict between good and evil.

Aristotle was concerned with comparisons between people.

Aristotle is first concerned with a hierarchy of the sciences.