Those who uphold the original beliefs of Jacobus Arminius himself, is the common way to define Arminianism, but those of Hugo Grotius, John Wesley and others also understood the term as a sort of umbrella for a bigger alliance of ideas as well.

The first Batavi commander we know of is named Chariovalda, who led a charge across the Visurgin ( Weser ) against the Cherusci led by Arminius during the campaigns of Germanicus in Germania Transrhenana.

According to Tacitus, they drew inspiration from the example of Arminius, the prince of the Cherusci who had driven the Romans out of Germany in AD 9, and their own ancestors who had driven Julius Caesar from Britain.

" Fichte located Germanness in the supposed continuity of the German language, and based it on Tacitus, who had hailed German virtues in Germania and celebrated the heroism of Arminius in his Annales.

In addition he engaged the German leader ( Arminius ) who had destroyed three Roman legions in 9, and exposed his troops to the remains of those dead Romans.

# Arminianism is named after Jacobus Arminius, a Dutch Reformed pastor who was trained to preach Calvinism, but concluded that some aspects of Calvinism had to be modified in the light of Scripture.

Rivalry between him and Arminius, the Cheruscan leader who inflicted the devastating defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest on the Romans under Publius Quinctilius Varus in 9 AD, prevented a concerted attack on Roman territory across the Rhine in the north ( by Arminius ) and in the Danube basin in the south ( by Maroboduus ).

Arminius saw God " looking down the corridors of time " to see the free choices of man, and choosing those who will respond in faith and love to God's love and promises, revealed in Jesus.

* Arminius, Germanic leader who defeated three Roman legions at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

Arminius, who accompanied Varus, probably directed him along a route that would facilitate an ambush.

Arminius then left under the pretext of drumming up Germanic forces to support the Roman campaign, but instead led his troops, who must have been waiting in the vicinity, in attacks on surrounding Roman garrisons.

In addition, Arminius, who had been instrumental in the Teutoburg ambush, and who had been considered a very real threat to stability by Rome, was now defeated.

* Arminius, German war chief who defeated the Romans at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ( d. AD 21 )

However, in defeating Arminius ' own tribe ( the Cherusci ) the Romans were unable to capture or kill Arminius, who escaped.

He received an appeal to rescue Segestes, who was besieged by Arminius.

The doctrine of total depravity was affirmed by the Five articles of Remonstrance and by Jacobus Arminius himself, and John Wesley, who strongly identified with Arminius through publication of his periodical The Arminian, also advocated a strong doctrine of inability.

Despite a warning from Segestes, Varus trusted Arminius, the man who appealed for his help, because he was a Romanised Germanic prince and commander of an auxiliary cavalry unit.

Oldfield worked with Harry Arminius Miller, who developed and built carburetors in Los Angeles and became one of the most famous engine builders in America, to create a racing machine that would not only be fast and durable, but that would also protect the driver in the event of an accident.

Gomarus, a Fleming who had been in Leyden since 1594, has been described as " a rather mediocre scholar " but " a forceful defender of the Calvinistic doctrine ... a man of deep-rooted faith " In contrast Arminius has been described as " a seeker, a doubter ".

They had the element of surprise, and this was also aided by the defection of Arminius from Roman ranks prior to the battle.

During each of the next two years, he led his 8-legion army into Germany against the coalition of tribes led by Arminius, which had successfully overthrown Roman rule in a rebellion in 9.

After visiting the site of the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where 20, 000 Romans had been killed in 9 AD, and burying their remains, he launched a massive assault on the heartland of Arminius ' tribe, the Cherusci.

Marobod had made peace with the Romans, and that is why the Lombards were not part of the Germanic confederacy under Arminius at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in AD 9.

Arminius had lived in Rome as a hostage in his youth, where he had received a military education, and even been given the rank of Equestrian.

The Romans then undertook a night march to escape, but marched into another trap that Arminius had set, at the foot of Kalkriese Hill ( near Osnabrück ).

The Germans under Arminius had destroyed 3 Roman legions under Varus at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9.

They had not supported the German cause led by Arminius in 9 AD and had been ostracized as a result.

By about 8 AD, Arminius had gained the upper hand and began planning rebellion.

the Cherusci asked Rome to send Italicus, the nephew of Arminius, to become king, as civil war had destroyed their nobility.

Arminius and the Cherusci tribe, along with other allies, had skilfully laid an ambush, and in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in September ( east of modern Osnabrück ), the Romans marched right into it.

Their chief, Boiocalus, having personally refused Arminius ( spending some time in prison for it and then serving Rome in some capacity ) had received the status of friend of Rome.

Under the influence of these men, Arminius studied with success and had seeds planted that would begin to develop into a theology that would later compete with the dominant Reformed theology of John Calvin.

At Amsterdam, Arminius through " a number of sermons on the Epistle of the Romans, he had gradually developed opinions on grace, predestination and free will that were inconsistent with the doctrine of the Reformed teachers Calvin and Beza ".

He forced a crossing of the Weser River near modern Minden, and then met Arminius ' army at Idistaviso, further up the Weser, near modern Rinteln, in an engagement often called the Battle of the Weser River.

* 12 – 9 BCE, Invasions of Drusus I up the Elbe from the North Sea, the Lippe and Main, Battle of the Lupia River, Cherusci and Sicambri subdued, Chatti, Tencteri and Usipetes are overrun, Establishment of new forts by Rome, Arminius and Flavus sent to Rome, Death of Roman General Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa.

The documentary Ewiger Wald ( The Eternal Forest ) depicted the forest as being beyond the vicissitudes of history, and the German people the same because they were rooted in the story ; it depicted the forest sheltering ancient Germans, Arminius, and the Teutonic Knights, facing the peasants wars, being chopped up by war and industry, and being humiliated by occupation with black soldiers, but culminated in a neo-pagan May Day celebration.

After his return from Rome, Arminius became a trusted advisor to Varus.

Arminius advocated breaking allegiance to Rome and declaring independence, while Segestes wanted to remain loyal.

In 19, Adgandestrius, a chief of the Chatti, asked Rome for poison to kill Arminius.

In 21 Arminius " succumbed to treachery from his relations " ( Tacitus ) and a client king was appointed on the Germans by Rome.

Arminius cut off his head and sent it to Bohemia as a present to King Marbod of the Marcomanni, the other most important Germanic leader, whom Arminius wanted to coax into an alliance, but Marbod declined the offer and sent the head on to Rome for burial.

* The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest by Peter S. Wells, W. W. Norton & Company, October 2003, ISBN 0-393-02028-2, ISBN 978-0-393-02028-1

Flavus informed Arminius that Thusnelda was being well-treated — as, he claimed, was typical of Rome, which was a firm but fair ruler.

Arminius died and the Angrivarii, the other west Germans and their successor tribes continued friendly towards Rome, providing it with elite troops and urban and palace police.

While Arminius had been known about in Germany since the rediscovery of the writings of Tacitus in the 15th century, German Protestant intellectuals in the first half of the 18th century christened him " Hermann the German " and promoted his status from that of a local tribal leader with family ties to Rome to that of a hero of German resistance to " Roman " ( i. e. Papal ) authority ; the 19th century added another layer of meaning, namely Pan-German unity and resistance to Revolutionary and Napoleonic Romance-language France.