Even if the king was not accountable for his management of the kingdom's entries, he may have felt responsible to defend his administration on certain occasions: Arrian tells us that during the mutiny of Alexander's soldiers at Opis in 324 BC, Alexander detailed the possessions of his father at his death to prove he had not abused his charge.

Greek writers about India such as Megasthenes and Arrian describe many of the states having republican governments akin to those of Greece.

Diodorus, Arrian and Curtius all describe the scene, when Alexander and Hephaestion went together to visit the captured Persian royal family.

Roman chroniclers and historians Arrian, Aelian and Asclepiodotus use the term cataphract in their military treatises to describe any type of cavalry with either partial or full horse and rider armor.

The story of the siege as describe here is told in many histories, but it is based on the history written by the Roman historian Arrian of Nicomedia, in his Anabasis ( section 4. 18. 4-19. 6 ).

The term is particularly ( and originally ) used to describe the use of this formation in Ancient Greek warfare, although the ancient Greek writers used it to also describe any massed infantry formation, regardless of its equipment, as does Arrian in his Array against the Alans when he refers to his legions.

As a consequence, scholarship is largely reliant on the writings of Diodorus Siculus and Arrian, both of whom lived centuries later than the events they describe.

The Mykians of the other side of ancient Maka, the present day region of Balochistan and Sindh had later taken independence because they are not mentioned in the book written by Arrian of Nicomedia about campaigns of Alexander the great but he only mentions the Oman side of Maka which he calls " Maketa ".

Arrian is an important historian because his work on Alexander is the widest read, and arguably the most complete, account of the Macedonian conqueror.

Arrian mentions a quarrel with Alexander's secretary, Eumenes, but because of a missing page in the text, the greater part of the detail is missing, leaving only the conclusion, that something persuaded Hephaestion, though against his will, to make up the quarrel.

In Greek legend, the city was first called Thoana because Thoas, a Thracian king, was its founder ( Arrian, Periplus Ponti Euxini, vi ); it was in Cappadocia, at the foot of the Taurus Mountains and near the Cilician Gates ( Strabo, XII, 537 ; XIII, 587 ).

Each ile numbered between 200 and 300 horsemen and was commanded by two men, because as Arrian claims, Alexander " did not want anyone, not even his intimate friend, to be the centre of attention ".

Ancient authorities: Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, vi.

* Ancient India as described by Arrian based on accounts by Megasthenes

McCrindle, Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian.

* Ancient India as Described in Megasthenes and Arrian, 1960, J. W. McCrindle

When Alexander was trying to show that he is divine so that the Greeks and Macedonians would perform proskynesis to him, Anaxarchus said that Alexander could " more justly be considered a god than Dionysus or Heracles " ( Arrian, 104 )

And yet not only have all contemporary records been lost but even the work based on those records though written some four and a half centuries after his death, the Anabasis of Arrian, was totally unknown to the writers of the Middle Ages and became available to Western scholarship only with the Revival of Learning Renaissance.

These historical facts about Alexander the Great became well known, even the Western world, only during the Renaissance period ( 1300-1600 AD ) when the Anabasis Alexandri of Arrian ( AD 86-160 ) was rediscovered.

He claimed to have been the commander of Alexander's fleet but was actually only a helmsman ; Arrian and Nearchus often criticize him for this.

Plutarch cites him as one of those who related the fable of the visit of the Amazons to Alexander, for which he was justly ridiculed by Lysimachus, and Arrian accuses him of falsely representing himself as the commander of the fleet, when he was in truth only the pilot.

Until the early 20th century, unsure of the site of Palaepharsalos, scholars followed Arrian ( 2. 75 ) and located the battle south of the Enipeus or close to Pharsalos ( today's Pharsala ).

The Roman commander Arrian ( ca.

His teachings were written down and published by his pupil Arrian in his Discourses.

His most famous pupil, Arrian, studied under him when a young man ( c. 108 AD ) and claimed to have written the famous Discourses from his lecture notes, though some argue they should be considered an original composition by Arrian, comparable to the Socratic literature.

Arrian describes Epictetus as being a powerful speaker who could " induce his listener to feel just what Epictetus wanted him to feel.

Arrian also compiled a popular digest, entitled the Enchiridion, or Handbook.

In a preface to the Discourses, addressed to Lucius Gellius, Arrian states that " whatever I heard him say I used to write down, word for word, as best I could, endeavouring to preserve it as a memorial, for my own future use, of his way of thinking and the frankness of his speech.

The Enchiridion, or Handbook of Epictetus, (), often shortened to simply " The Handbook ", is a short manual of Stoic ethical advice compiled by Arrian, who had been a pupil of Epictetus at the beginning of the 2nd century.

Arrian gives an alternative story of the descent and life of Midas.

The first written references to an ancient Celtic sighthound, the " vertragus ", in the " Cynegeticus " of Flavius Arrianus ( Arrian ), Roman proconsul of Baetica in the second century, may refer to the Galgo, or more likely to its antecedant.

The author Arrian, during his personal experience in Spain, describes hare hunting with Galgos in a manner almost identical to that used nowadays in Spain, adding that it was a general Celtic tradition not related to a social class.

Xenophon & Arrian On Hunting With Hounds, contains Cynegeticus original texts, translations & commentary.

* Arrian becomes archon in Athens.

* Arrian publishes Indica, a work on India and its people.

Arrian attributed Dionysian and " Roman " elements to a victory procession of Alexander the Great.

B., From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation, illustrated, reprint, Oxford University Press, 1988.

It is told by Arrian that at the Battle of Issus the moment the Persian left went to pieces under Alexander ’ s attack and Darius, in his war-chariot, saw that it was cut off, he incontinently fled – indeed, he led the race for safety.

To Photios, we are indebted for almost all we possess of Ctesias, Memnon of Heraclea, Conon, the lost books of Diodorus Siculus, and the lost writings of Arrian.

The significant historians in the period after Alexander were Timaeus, Polybius, Diodorus Siculus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Appian of Alexandria, Arrian, and Plutarch.

* Arrian ( Lucius Flavius Arrianus ) Historian, c. CE 86-160