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Madison and Jefferson

Seven Founders -- George Washington
, Benjamin Franklin
, John Adams
, Thomas
Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton
, James
Madison and John Jay -- determined the destinies of the new nation
.

Historians have traditionally regarded the great debates of the Seventeen Nineties as polarizing the issues of centralized vs. limited government
, with Hamilton and the nationalists supporting the former and
Jefferson and
Madison upholding the latter position
.

The state's rights position was formulated by
Jefferson and
Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
, but
in their later careers as heads of state the two proved themselves better Hamiltonians than Jeffersonians
.

In purchasing Louisiana
, Jefferson had
to adopt Hamilton's broad construction of the Constitution
, and so did
Madison in advocating the rechartering of Hamilton's bank
, which he had so strenuously opposed at its inception
, and
in adopting
a Hamiltonian protective tariff
.

Opposition
to them resulted
in the highly controversial Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
, authored by James
Madison and Thomas
Jefferson.
Jefferson and James
Madison also secretly drafted the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions denouncing the federal legislation
, though state legislatures rejected these resolutions
.

Though the resolutions followed the " interposition " approach of James
Madison, Jefferson advocated nullification and at one point drafted
a threat for Kentucky
to secede
.

" Chernow argues that neither
Jefferson nor
Madison sensed that they had sponsored measures as inimical as the Alien and Sedition Acts themselves
.

In 1787
, James
Madison wrote Thomas
Jefferson in France for background information on constitutional government
to use at the Constitutional Convention
.

* Presidents Park – Freshmen – Completed
in 1989
, and housing approximately 1
, 100 students
in twelve halls ( Adams
, Kennedy
, Roosevelt
, Harrison
, Lincoln
, Truman
, Jackson
, Madison, Wilson
, Jefferson, Monroe
, Washington ).

Breaking with Hamilton and what became the Federalist Party
in 1791
, Madison and Thomas
Jefferson organized what they called the Republican Party ( later called by historians the Democratic-Republican Party ) He co-authored
, along with Thomas
Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
in 1798
to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts
.
As Jefferson ’ s Secretary of State ( 1801 – 1809 ),
Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase
, which doubled the nation ’ s size
.
As a young man during the American Revolutionary War
, Madison served
in the Virginia state legislature ( 1776 – 79 ), where he became known as
a protégé of the delegate Thomas
Jefferson.
Madison attained prominence
in Virginia politics
, working with
Jefferson to draft the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
, which was finally passed
in 1786
.

Working closely with
Madison and
Jefferson, Bishop
Madison helped lead the College through the changes involving separation from both Great Britain and the Church of England
.
Madison and Thomas
Jefferson were the leaders of this second group
.
As early as May 26
, 1792
, Hamilton complained
, " Mr
. Madison cooperating with Mr
. Jefferson is at the head of
a faction decidedly hostile
to me and my administration
.

Congressman
Madison and Vice President
Jefferson were outraged
.
Madison and
Jefferson secretly drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts
to be unconstitutional and noted that " states
, in contesting obnoxious laws
, should ' interpose for arresting the progress of the evil
.
Jefferson went further
, urging states
to secede if necessary
, though
Madison convinced
Jefferson to back down from this extreme view
.

On September 15
, 1794
, James
Madison married Dolley Payne Todd
, a young widow
, at Harewood
, in what is now
Jefferson County
, West Virginia
.
Madison and 1789

*
1789 – James
Madison introduces twelve proposed amendments
to the United States Constitution
in the House of Representatives ; by 1791
, ten of them
are ratified by the state legislatures and become the Bill of Rights ; another is eventually ratified
in 1992
to become the 27th Amendment
.

In
1789, Madison became
a leader
in the new House of Representatives
, drafting many basic laws
.

On June 8
, 1789, Madison introduced his bill proposing amendments consisting of Nine Articles comprising up
to 20 Amendments depending on how one counted
.

Nonetheless
, the Court stopped short of compelling
Madison ( by writ of mandamus )
to hand over Marbury's commission
, instead holding that the provision of the Judiciary Act of
1789 that enabled Marbury
to bring his claim
to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional
, since it purported
to extend the Court's original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III established
.

James
Madison changed " ought "
to " shall ", when he proposed the amendment
to Congress
in 1789.

In
1789, while introducing
to the House of Representatives nineteen draft Amendments
, James
Madison addressed what would become the Ninth Amendment as follows:

* " Proposed Amendments
to the Constitution " by James
Madison (
1789 )

In
1789 when James
Madison proposed
to insert the word " national "
in the part of the Bill of Rights providing that " no religion shall be established by law ," Elbridge Gerry told Congress that the Antifederalists had objected
to the injustice of that name because they favored
a federal government
, while the Federalists favored "
a national one
.

James
Madison drafted the Virginia Plan
in 1787 and the Bill of Rights
in 1789.
Madison became
a leading member of the U
. S
. House of Representatives from Virginia (
1789 – 1797 ), Secretary of State ( 1801 – 1809 ), and ultimately the fourth President of the United States
.

Sometimes called the " Congressional Compensation Amendment of
1789 ", the " Congressional Pay Amendment ", and the "
Madison Amendment ", it was intended
to serve as
a restraint on the power of Congress
to set its own salary — an obvious potential for conflict of interest
.

Presented
in the United States House of Representatives by Representative James
Madison of Virginia
, this amendment was the second of the twelve Constitutional amendments originally submitted
to the state legislatures for ratification by the 1st Congress on September 25
, 1789, the last ten of which became the United States Bill of Rights on December 15
, 1791
.

* 1803-Marbury v
. Madison ( 5 US 137 1803 ) allows Supreme Court
to invalidate law passed by the United States Congress for first time: the Judiciary Act of
1789

James
Madison was also influenced by the Declaration while drafting the Bill of Rights ( completed September 1787
, approved
1789 ), as was the Marquis de Lafayette
in voting the French Revolution's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (
1789 ).

On the panel of the northwest interior wall is an excerpt from " A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom
, 1777 ", except for the last sentence
, which is taken from
a letter of August 28
, 1789, to James
Madison:

On August 15
, 1789 Madison said
, " he apprehended the meaning of the words
to be
, that Congress should not establish
a religion
, and enforce the legal observation of it by law
, nor compel men
to worship God
in any manner contrary
to their conscience ....”

When the Bill of Rights was originally proposed by Congress
in 1789 to the states
, various substantive and procedural rights were " classed according
to their affinity
to each other " instead of being submitted
to the states " as
a single act
to be adopted or rejected
in the gross ," as James
Madison put it
.

Scalia pointed
to several historical examples of calling on divine guidance by American Presidents
, including Washington's proclamation of the Thanksgiving holiday
in 1789 and the inaugural addresses of both
Madison and Thomas
Jefferson.

James
Madison sponsored him as Clerk of the House
in 1789.

In
a letter written by James
Madison to Thomas
Jefferson on March 29
, 1789, ' Mr W Fitzhugh of Chatham ' is described as
a Federalist

In
1789, James
Madison presented
to the First United States Congress
a series of ten Amendments
to the United States Constitution
, today known as the Bill of Rights
.

Similarly
, in the US
, the Judiciary Act of
1789, which was famously ruled unconstitutional
in part by Marbury v
. Madison, was called " An Act
to establish the Judicial Courts of the United States ".

This other proposal
, dating back
to the 1st Congress
in 1789, had been authored by James
Madison, then
a member of the U
. S
. House of Representatives
.
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