In 1842, the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea, whom Babbage had met while travelling in Italy, wrote a description of the engine in French.

" It is only a question of cards and time ", wrote Henry Babbage in 1888, "... and there is no reason why ( twenty thousand ) cards should not be used if necessary, in an Analytical Engine for the purposes of the mathematician ".

The numeral system came to be known to both the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, whose book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825 in Arabic, and the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi, who wrote four volumes, " On the Use of the Indian Numerals " ( Ketab fi Isti ' mal al -' Adad al-Hindi ) about 830.

Pascal was an important mathematician, helping create two major new areas of research: he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science.

In 1463 German mathematician Regiomontanus wrote:

The Egyptian mathematician Mostafa Abdelkader wrote several scholarly papers working out a detailed mapping of the concave Earth model.

Isidore of Miletus was a renowned scientist and mathematician before Emperor Justinian I hired him, “ Isidorus taught stereometry and physics at the universities, first of Alexandria then of Constantinople, and wrote a commentary on an older treatise on vaulting .” Emperor Justinian I appointed his architects to rebuild the Hagia Sophia following his victory over protesters within the capital city of his Roman Empire, Constantinople.

These views were forcefully expressed by David Hilbert in 1928, when he wrote in < cite > Die Grundlagen der Mathematik </ cite >, " Taking the principle of excluded middle from the mathematician would be the same, say, as proscribing the telescope to the astronomer or to the boxer the use of his fists ".

In 984, the Persian mathematician Ibn Sahl wrote the treatise " On burning mirrors and lenses ", correctly describing a law of refraction equivalent to Snell's law.

Whewell wrote of " an increasing proclivity of separation and dismemberment " in the sciences ; while highly specific terms proliferated — chemist, mathematician, naturalist — the broad term " philosopher " was no longer satisfactory to group together those who pursued science, without the caveats of " natural " or " experimental " philosopher.

The mathematician Gabriel Stolzenberg wrote essays meant to discredit the claims of Sokal and his allies, arguing that Sokal and allies insufficiently grasped the philosophy they are criticizing, rendering their criticism meaningless.

Authors who write both fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use different pen names to avoid confusing their readers, as in the case of mathematician Charles Dodgson, who wrote fantasy novels under the pen name Lewis Carroll and mathematical treatises under his own name.

On 7 June 1742, the German mathematician Christian Goldbach ( originally of Brandenburg-Prussia ) wrote a letter to Leonhard Euler ( letter XLIII ) in which he proposed the following conjecture:

Similarly, an author who writes both fiction and non-fiction ( such as the mathematician and fantasy writer Charles Dodgson, who wrote as Lewis Carroll ) may use a pseudonym for fiction writing.

The specific term " singularity " as a description for a phenomenon of technological acceleration causing an eventual unpredictable outcome in society was coined by mathematician and physicist Stanislaw Ulam as early as 1958, when he wrote of a conversation with John von Neumann concerning the " ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.

However, Mersenne was not primarily a mathematician ; he wrote about music theory and other subjects.

However, at just the same time, the Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin ( 1548 – 1620 ) wrote an essay containing the correct mathematical formulation of equal temperament for the first time in Western musical theory, though his manuscript remained unpublished until long after the author's death ( Kutter 1975, 167 – 68 ; Stevin 1884 ).

In A. D. 1759, Francis Maseres, an English mathematician, wrote that negative numbers " darken the very whole doctrines of the equations and make dark of the things which are in their nature excessively obvious and simple ".

However, the link between the Riemann hypothesis and the Prime Number Theorem had been known before in Continental Europe, and Littlewood also wrote later in his book A mathematician ’ s miscellany that his actually only rediscovered result did not shed a bright light on the isolated state of British mathematics at the time.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646 – 1716 ) was both a philosopher and a mathematician who wrote primarily in Latin and French.

One should not neglect the poems of George Bacovia a symbolist poet of neurosis and despair and those of Ion Barbu a brilliant mathematician who wrote a series of very successful cryptic poems.

Proclus, a Greek mathematician who lived several centuries after Euclid, wrote in his commentary of the Elements: " Euclid, who put together the Elements, collecting many of Eudoxus ' theorems, perfecting many of Theaetetus ', and also bringing to irrefragable demonstration the things which were only somewhat loosely proved by his predecessors ".

In 628, the Indian mathematician Brahmagupta wrote Brahmasphutasiddhanta which includes, among many other things, a study of equations of the form.

It is not known how the name " knapsack problem " originated, though the problem was referred to as such in the early works of mathematician Tobias Dantzig ( 1884 – 1956 ), suggesting that the name could have existed in folklore before a mathematical problem had been fully defined.

Fermat was not the first mathematician so moved to write in his own marginal notes to Diophantus ; the Byzantine scholar John Chortasmenos ( 14th / 15th C .) had written " Thy soul, Diophantus, be with Satan because of the difficulty of your theorems " next to the same problem.

As Theon, the distinguished mathematician and father of Hypatia, herself a renowned scholar, was the last recorded scholar-member ( c. 380 ), it is likely that the Mouseion did not long survive the promulgation of Theodosius ' decree in 391 to destroy all pagan temples in the city .|

Zhang Heng (; AD 78 – 139 ) was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, cartographer, artist, poet, statesman, and literary scholar from Nanyang, Henan.

* Pan Lei, Chinese scholar and mathematician

* Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti, Arab astronomer, chemist, mathematician, and scholar

Zhang Heng, as Chinese astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, cartographer, artist, poet, statesman and literary scholar, invented the first seismoscope of world.

* Zhang Heng, Chinese mathematician, astronomer, inventor, poet, artist, scholar, geographer, and statesman ( d. 139 )

* April 6 – Charles Louis de Fourcroy, Chevalier de la Légion D ' honneur, French mathematician and scholar ( death unknown )

Eudoxus of Cnidus ( 410 or 408 BC – 355 or 347 BC ) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar and student of Plato.

* Eudoxus of Cnidus, Greek astronomer, mathematician, physician, scholar and adherent of Pythagoras ( d. c. 355 BC )

The name used for the region during the middle ages and up until the 20th century was Afghanistan, which has been mentioned by the 6th century Indian astronomer & mathematician Varahamihira, 7th century Chinese pilgrim Hiven Tsiang, 14th century Moroccan scholar Ibn Batutta, Mughal Emperor Babur, 16th century historian Firishta and many others.

Bradwardine was a precocious student, educated at Balliol College, Oxford where he was a fellow by 1321 ; he took the degree of doctor of divinity, and acquired the reputation of a profound scholar, a skilful mathematician and an able theologian.

Barnard was a classical and English scholar, a mathematician, a physicist, a chemist, and a good public speaker.

In 1977 Knox's niece, Penelope Fitzgerald published a composite biography, The Knox Brothers, which devoted equal weight to him and his three brothers ( E. V. Knox, the editor of the humorous magazine Punch, Dillwyn Knox, a mathematician, and Wilfred Knox, an Anglican monk and New Testament scholar ).

Sir Thomas Little Heath ( 5 October 1861 – 16 March 1940 ) was a British civil servant, mathematician, classical scholar, historian of ancient Greek mathematics, translator, and mountaineer.

Badi ' al-Zaman Abū al -' Izz ibn Ismā ' īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī ( 1136 – 1206 ) (, ) was an Arab or a Kurdish Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, craftsman, artist, and mathematician from Jazirat ibn Umar ( current Cizre ), who lived during the Islamic Golden Age ( Middle Ages ).

405 ) was a Greek scholar and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt.

Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac ( October 9, 1581 – February 26, 1638 ) was a French mathematician, linguist, poet and classics scholar born in Bourg-en-Bresse.

* Isaac Barrow ( 1630 – 1677 ), English divine, scholar and mathematician

The word " Algorism ", comes from the name Al-Khwārizmī ( c. 780-850 ), a Persian mathematician, astronomer, a geographer and a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, whose name means " the native of Kharazm ", a city that was part of the Greater Iran during his era and now is in modern day Uzbekistan He wrote a treatise in Arabic language in the 9th century, which was translated into Latin in the 12th century under the title Algoritmi de numero Indorum.

They were presented by a Hindu scholar and mathematician, Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja, during the early part of the 20th century.

(), earlier transliterated as Algoritmi or Algaurizin, ( c. 780, Khwārizm – c. 850 ) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer and geographer, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.

Sir D ' Arcy Wentworth Thompson CB FRS FRSE ( 2 May 1860, Edinburgh – 21 June 1948, St Andrews ) was a Scottish biologist, mathematician, and classics scholar.

Michael Scot ( Latin: Michael Scotus ) ( 1175 – c. 1232 ) was a medieval mathematician and scholar.