However, algorithms are also implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network ( for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect looking for food ), in an electrical circuit, or in a mechanical device.

The simplest type of neural circuit is a reflex arc, which begins with a sensory input and ends with a motor output, passing through a sequence of neurons in between.

Although for the simplest reflexes there are short neural paths from sensory neuron to motor neuron, there are also other nearby neurons that participate in the circuit and modulate the response.

* Biological neural network, a neuronal circuit

He was a proponent of polarization of nerve cell function and his student Lorente de No would continue this study of input / output systems into cable theory and some of the earliest circuit analysis of neural structures.

A reflex arc is a neural circuit that creates a more or less automatic link between a sensory input and a specific motor output.

The neuronal circuitry affected by LTP / LTD and modified by scaling and metaplasticity leads to reverberatory neural circuit development and regulation in a Hebbian manner which is manifested as memory, whereas the changes in neural circuitry, which begin at the level of the synapse, are an integral part in the ability of an organism to learn.

As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input ( axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium ), and one output ( mitral cell axons ).

The main " direct path " neural circuit for the horizontal rotational VOR is fairly simple.

The discipline of neuroethology has also discovered and explained the only vertebrate behavior for which the entire neural circuit has been described: the electric fish jamming avoidance response.

In 1937 Papez theorized that a circuit including the hippocampal formation and the cingulate gyrus constitutes the neural substrate of emotional behavior, and Klüver and Bucy reported that, in monkeys, resection involving the hippocampal formation and the amygdaloid complex has a profound effect on emotional responses.

In contrast, a neural circuit is a functional entity of interconnected neurons that is able to regulate its own activity using a feedback loop ( similar to a control loop in cybernetics ).

The term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons.

The first issue was that single-layer neural networks were incapable of processing the exclusive-or circuit.

The four leaders of the peoples have been given additional circuits to help them reason, but this facility can be taken away, as Bigon learns when he rebels against Monarch, and his neural circuit is removed and placed in a container for five centuries.

Dscam interaction stimulates self-avoidance mechanisms that are essential for normal neural circuit development.

The STG contains the somata of 26 neurons that belong to two central pattern generating neural circuits ( gastric mill and pyloric circuit )

The understanding of this multifunctional network contributed importantly to the general understanding of neural circuit operation.

Action potentials transmitted in the vagus nerve activate the efferent arm of the Inflammatory Reflex, the neural circuit that converges on the spleen to inhibit the production of TNF and other cytokines by macrophages there.

In addition to be classical dedicated networks, most of the CPGs seem in fact to be either reorganizing or distributed circuits, and a single neural circuit can combine features typical of each of these architectures.

This cellular property can most easily be seen in the Lamprey neural circuit.

In vertebrates, a special population of embryonic cells called the neural crest has been proposed as a " fourth germ layer ", and is thought to have been an important novelty in the evolution of head structures.

It has been estimated that, if the human cerebellar cortex were completely unfolded, it would give rise to a layer of neural tissue about 1 meter long and averaging 5 centimeters wide — a total surface area of about 500 square cm, packed within a volume of dimensions 6 cm × 5 cm × 10 cm.

An autoencoder neural network with a linear hidden layer is similar to PCA.

Also, artificial neural networks omit using a hidden layer so that they can be interpreted, losing the ability to model higher order correlations in the data.

Some other recent work has used artificial neural networks with a hidden layer.

The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers the top of the brain.

All vertebrates have a forebrain whose upper surface is covered with a layer of neural tissue called the pallium, but in all except mammals the pallium has a relatively simple three-layered cell structure.

Neuroeconomics adds another layer by using neuroscientific methods in understanding the interplay between economic behavior and neural mechanisms.

A different approach to nonlinear dimensionality reduction is through the use of autoencoders, a special kind of feed-forward neural networks with a bottle-neck hidden layer.

Therefore layer 4 can not be a part of the neural correlate of consciousness.

Around day 15 of development, the cells that will become the heart exist in two horseshoe shaped bands of the middle tissue layer ( mesoderm ), and some cells migrate from portion of the outer layer ( ectoderm ), the neural crest which is the source of a variety of cells found throughout the body.

The process begins when the notochord induces the formation of the central nervous system ( CNS ) by signaling the ectoderm germ layer above it to form the thick and flat neural plate.

The inner layer is transparent and covers the vitreous body, and is continuous from the neural tissue of the retina.

Because of its great importance, the neural crest is sometimes considered a fourth germ layer.

The echo state network ( ESN ) is a recurrent neural network with a sparsely connected random hidden layer.

The simplest kind of neural network is a single-layer perceptron network, which consists of a single layer of output nodes ; the inputs are fed directly to the outputs via a series of weights.

Note that the bottom layer of inputs is not always considered a real neural network layer

The universal approximation theorem for neural networks states that every continuous function that maps intervals of real numbers to some output interval of real numbers can be approximated arbitrarily closely by a multi-layer perceptron with just one hidden layer.

These algorithms can be used to learn intermediate representations, with or without a target signal, that capture the salient features of the distribution of sensory signals arriving at each layer of the neural network.

Misfiring of neurons in the sensorimotor cortex, a thin layer of neural tissue covering the brain, is thought to cause contractions.

The fold fuses, forming a cylinder -- the neural tube -- and a continuous overlying layer of epidermal ectoderm.

Winner-take-all is a computational principle applied in computational models of neural networks by which neurons in a layer compete with each other for activation.