However, algorithms are also implemented by other means, such as in a biological neural network ( for example, the human brain implementing arithmetic or an insect looking for food ), in an electrical circuit, or in a mechanical device.

The simplest type of neural circuit is a reflex arc, which begins with a sensory input and ends with a motor output, passing through a sequence of neurons in between.

Although for the simplest reflexes there are short neural paths from sensory neuron to motor neuron, there are also other nearby neurons that participate in the circuit and modulate the response.

* Biological neural network, a neuronal circuit

He was a proponent of polarization of nerve cell function and his student Lorente de No would continue this study of input / output systems into cable theory and some of the earliest circuit analysis of neural structures.

A reflex arc is a neural circuit that creates a more or less automatic link between a sensory input and a specific motor output.

The neuronal circuitry affected by LTP / LTD and modified by scaling and metaplasticity leads to reverberatory neural circuit development and regulation in a Hebbian manner which is manifested as memory, whereas the changes in neural circuitry, which begin at the level of the synapse, are an integral part in the ability of an organism to learn.

As a neural circuit, the glomerular layer receives direct input from olfactory nerves, made up of the axons from approximately ten million olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa, a region of the nasal cavity.

The main " direct path " neural circuit for the horizontal rotational VOR is fairly simple.

The discipline of neuroethology has also discovered and explained the only vertebrate behavior for which the entire neural circuit has been described: the electric fish jamming avoidance response.

In 1937 Papez theorized that a circuit including the hippocampal formation and the cingulate gyrus constitutes the neural substrate of emotional behavior, and Klüver and Bucy reported that, in monkeys, resection involving the hippocampal formation and the amygdaloid complex has a profound effect on emotional responses.

In contrast, a neural circuit is a functional entity of interconnected neurons that is able to regulate its own activity using a feedback loop ( similar to a control loop in cybernetics ).

The term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons.

The first issue was that single-layer neural networks were incapable of processing the exclusive-or circuit.

The four leaders of the peoples have been given additional circuits to help them reason, but this facility can be taken away, as Bigon learns when he rebels against Monarch, and his neural circuit is removed and placed in a container for five centuries.

Dscam interaction stimulates self-avoidance mechanisms that are essential for normal neural circuit development.

The STG contains the somata of 26 neurons that belong to two central pattern generating neural circuits ( gastric mill and pyloric circuit )

The understanding of this multifunctional network contributed importantly to the general understanding of neural circuit operation.

Action potentials transmitted in the vagus nerve activate the efferent arm of the Inflammatory Reflex, the neural circuit that converges on the spleen to inhibit the production of TNF and other cytokines by macrophages there.

In addition to be classical dedicated networks, most of the CPGs seem in fact to be either reorganizing or distributed circuits, and a single neural circuit can combine features typical of each of these architectures.

This cellular property can most easily be seen in the Lamprey neural circuit.

During embryological development, the vomeronasal sensory neurons form from the nasal ( olfactory ) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate ( cranial nerve zero ).

Analogous to neural glial cells, the supporting cells ( a. k. a. Sustentacular cells ) of the olfactory epithelium function as metabolic and physical support for the olfactory cells.

* The subventricular zone ( SVZ ) lining the lateral ventricles, where neural stem cells and progenitor generate new neurons ( Neuroblast ) that migrate to the olfactory bulb via the rostral migratory stream

The diminished olfactory function of humans, compared to other primates, may be related to the fact that spindle cells located at crucial neural network hubs have only two dendrites rather than many, resulting in reduced neurological integration.

However, with the use of cre-lox technology, a caspase 8 knock-out has been created that exhibits an increase in peripheral T cells, an impaired T cell response, and a defect in neural tube closure.

Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence.

Comparison between the recovery of language function and other motor function using any drug has shown that improvement is due to a global increase plasticity of neural networks.

IGF-I has an involvement in regulating neural development including neurogenesis, myelination, synaptogenesis, and dendritic branching and neuroprotection after neuronal damage.

At this point in development, a child has many more neural connections than he or she will have as an adult, allowing for the child to be more able to learn new things than he or she would be as an adult.

In modern software implementations of artificial neural networks, the approach inspired by biology has been largely abandoned for a more practical approach based on statistics and signal processing.

What has attracted the most interest in neural networks is the possibility of learning.

Colorectal cancer has also been predicted using the neural networks.

The main strand of domain centered research has been the research on color terminology, although this domain according to Lucy and admitted by color terminology researchers such as Paul Kay, is not optimal for studying linguistic relativity, because color perception, unlike other semantic domains, is known to be hard wired into the neural system and as such subject to more universal restrictions than other semantic domains.

Because neural circuits are altered, it has alternatively been suggested that schizophrenia should be thought of as a collection of neurodevelopmental disorders.

The neural basis of working memory has been derived from lesion experiments in animals and functional imaging upon humans.

An explanation on the neural level of the decline of working memory and other cognitive functions in old age has been proposed by West.

In vertebrates, a special population of embryonic cells called the neural crest has been proposed as a " fourth germ layer ", and is thought to have been an important novelty in the evolution of head structures.

As data sets have grown in size and complexity, direct " hands-on " data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automated data processing, aided by other discoveries in computer science, such as neural networks, cluster analysis, genetic algorithms ( 1950s ), decision trees ( 1960s ), and support vector machines ( 1990s ).

Data has also been " possessed " through technological means such as: Ira Graves ' transfer of consciousness into his neural net, Dr. Soong's " calling " him, and an alien library that placed several different personalities into him.

Although genetic algorithms and neural networks can perform just as well as fuzzy logic in many cases, fuzzy logic has the advantage that the solution to the problem can be cast in terms that human operators can understand, so that their experience can be used in the design of the controller.

It has been estimated that, if the human cerebellar cortex were completely unfolded, it would give rise to a layer of neural tissue about 1 meter long and averaging 5 centimeters wide — a total surface area of about 500 square cm, packed within a volume of dimensions 6 cm × 5 cm × 10 cm.

The form of neural plasticity known as long-term potentiation ( LTP ) was first discovered to occur in the hippocampus and has often been studied in this structure.

Place-related hippocampal neural activity has been reported in monkeys moving around inside a room while seated in a restraint chair ; on the other hand, Edmund Rolls and his colleagues instead described hippocampal cells that fire in relation to the place a monkey is looking at, rather than the place its body is located.

It has been proposed that sharp waves are, in fact, reactivations of neural activity patterns that were memorized during behavior, driven by strengthening of synaptic connections within the hippocampus.

Research has explored the neural mechanisms responsible for several of the more interesting behaviors shown by C. elegans, including chemotaxis, thermotaxis, mechanotransduction, and male mating behavior.

As in computing, an entity is most efficient when its wires are optimized ; therefore, a brain which has undergone millions of years of natural selection would be expected to have optimized neural circuitry.

Ongoing research in the pediatric / neonatal community has begun to associate apnea-like breathing cessations in animal models with unusual neural architecture or signal transduction in central pattern generator circuits, including the pre-Bötzinger complex.

The regularity with which different languages employ the same metaphors, which often appear to be perceptually based, has led to the hypothesis that the mapping between conceptual domains corresponds to neural mappings in the brain.