Full federal enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not occur until after passage of legislation in the mid-1960s as a result of the African-American Civil Rights Movement ( 1955 – 1968 ).

" As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.

He also found that the lack of protection from the 1875 Civil Rights Act would result in the violation of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth amendment, largely on the same grounds (" In every material sense applicable to the practical enforcement of the fourteenth amendment, railroad corporations, keepers of inns, and managers of places of public amusements are agents of the state, because amenable, in respect of their public duties and functions, to public regulation.

Chief Justice Burger, Justice Rehnquist, Justice Stewart, and Justice Stevens, while concurring in result, would have not relied on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, but instead, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act.

California formerly had Justice of the Peace courts staffed by lay judges, but began phasing them out after a landmark 1974 decision in which the Supreme Court of California unanimously held that it was a violation of federal due process ( under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution ) to allow a non-lawyer to preside over a criminal trial which could result in incarceration of the defendant.

General Irwin and Slim blamed each other for the result but in the end Irwin was removed from his command and Slim was promoted to command the new Fourteenth Army — formed from IV Corps ( United Kingdom ) ( Imphal ), XV Corps ( Arakan ) and XXXIII Corps ( reserve ) – later joined by XXXIV Corps.

Justice Brandeis and Justice Holmes concurred in the result because of the Fourteenth Amendment questions, but there is no question that the sentiments are a distinct dissent from the views of the prevailing majority and supported the First Amendment.

However, the majority opinion of the Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller in 2008 clearly suggested that Cruikshank and the chain of cases flowing from it would no longer be considered good law as a result of the radically changed view of the Fourteenth Amendment when that issue eventually comes before the courts:

In 1869 the women's rights movement split into two factions as a result of disagreements over the Fourteenth and soon-to-be-passed Fifteenth Amendments, with the two factions not reuniting until 1890.

One theme is its assessment as a " personality ", as a result of an 1886 case in the United States Supreme Court in which a statement by Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite led to corporations as " persons " having the same rights as human beings, based on the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

As a result, the court rejected the claim that Fourteenth Amendment " jurisdiction " depended on whether someone had entered the U. S. legally or not.

" As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, thereby paving the way for integration and encouraging the Civil Rights Movement.

" The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the conviction and incarceration of one whose trial is offensive to the common and fundamental ideas of fairness and right, and while want of counsel in a particular case may result in a conviction lacking in such fundamental fairness, we cannot say that the amendment embodies an inexorable command that no trial for any offense, or in any court, can be fairly conducted and justice accorded a defendant who is not represented by counsel.

An attempt to strengthen executive powers in 1926 ( through the August Amendment ) proved too limited and largely failed in helping avoid legislative grid-lock which had ensued as a result of too-great parliamentary power in a state which had numerus diametrically-opposed political parties sitting in its legislature.

As a result, Constitution ( Amendment No. 27 ) Act 1936 was first passed on 10 December 1936, which, in addition to effecting his constitutional reforms, also provides for the use of the British monarch for certain diplomatic purposes while Ireland is still in the Commonwealth, if authorized by law.

The Eighteenth Amendment was the result of decades of effort by temperance movements and at the time was generally considered a progressive amendment.

The ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution made such a result unlikely in the future.

By coincidence, $ 4, 000 ($ 88, 100 in 2010 dollars ) would be the exemption for married couples when the Revenue Act of ( October ) 1913 was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson, as a result of the ratification of the 16th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution in February 1913.

The result was the Seventh Amendment to the U. S. Constitution.

As a result, DuBois Brewing Company was issued license number G-2, allowing them to resume brewing immediately upon the enaction of the 21st Amendment.

Boards of Guardians were formed as a result of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 though the Baildon Local Board of Guardians was formed in 1852.

The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from exercising any power not delegated to it by the States in the Constitution ; as a result, states handle the majority of issues most relevant to individuals within their jurisdiction.

As a result, because of the First Amendment, Congress may not make a law restricting the free speech of a corporation, a political action group or dictating the coverage of a local newspaper, and because of the Due Process Clause, a state government may not take the property of a corporation without using due process of law and providing just compensation.

The proper exercise of this power is not an invasion of any private property rights in the stream or the lands underlying it, for the damage sustained does not result from taking property from riparian owners within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment but from the lawful exercise of a power to which the interests of riparian owners have always been subject.

Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. delivered a concurring opinion, taking future issue with any legal claims brought against state sodomy laws under the U. S. Eighth Amendment, where the conviction for acts of sodomy result in " cruel or unusual " punishments for those engaging in them: " is not to suggest, however, that respondent may not be protected by the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution.

For example, Prof. Jack Balkin has averred that neither the original understanding nor the original intent of the 14th Amendment is compatible with the result implicitly reached by the Originalist Justices Thomas and Scalia in their willingness to join Chief Justice Rehnquist's concurrence in Bush v. Gore,.

Johnson had been excommunicated from the LDS Church in 1979 as a result of her outspoken support of the Equal Rights Amendment.

Brackley used the poor house at Culworth until 1834, when Parliament passed the Poor Law Amendment Act and as a result the Brackley Poor Law Union was founded.

Some of the actions taken as a result of the threat levels have been challenged as being illegal under the U. S. Constitution's Fourth Amendment.

The result was the establishment of a centralised Poor Law Commission in England and Wales under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, also known as the New Poor Law, which discouraged the allocation of outdoor relief to the able-bodied ; " all cases were to be ' offered the house ', and nothing else ".

* In 1898, the Unamended Fellowship was separated from as a result of differing views on who would be raised to judgment at the return of Christ.

Once again Kitchener commended Beatty for his efforts in the campaign and as a result Hood and Beatty were both promoted to Commander on 15 November 1898.

In 1898, Fritz Haber showed that definite reduction products can result from electrolytic processes if the potential at the cathode is kept constant.

As a result of his decision in 1898 to invest substantially overseas, particularly in the Netherlands, Switzerland and the US, the family was to an extent shielded from the hyperinflation that hit Austria in 1922.

In the Philippines, Filipino revolutionaries declared independence from Spain in 1898 but was handed over to the United States despite protests as a result of the Spanish-American War.

A post office was established on July 12, 1898 with John Hawksly as its first postmaster, but the settlement suffered over the following decades as a result of several epidemics and a 1949 flood.

On January 30, 1898, it was burned down to the ground and was believed to be the result of an arsonist.

The current boundaries of Elmont were decided upon in 1898 ; at this point, Nassau County was erected, leading to conflict over land and monies owed as a result of Elmont ’ s boundary shift from Queens.

As a result of negotiations with the Congress appointed Dawes Commission regarding the allotment of tribal lands in 1898, the Creek courts ’ jurisdiction was turned over to the Federal government.

Whatever the causes, the result of the 1898 Spanish-American War was that the U. S. came into the possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Nordau also, at the 1898 Zionist Congress, coined the term " muscular Judaism " ( muskel-Judenthum ) as a descriptor of a Jewish culture and religion which directed its adherents to reach for certain moral and corporeal ideals which, through discipline, agility and strength, would result in a stronger, more physically assured Jew who would outshine the long-held stereotype of the weak, intellectually sustained Jew.

In 1898, the so-called Negerkapellet ( a band of African-Americans ) toured Norway, as a result of Geo Jackson's efforts.

It did as a result, leading to a major race for influence across Africa that nearly culminated in war in the next decade, at Fashoda in the Sudan in 1898.

The Fashoda Incident of July 1898 was a result of this policy, and Hanotaux's distrust of England is frankly stated in his literary works.

As the result of the Mason University College Act 1897 it became incorporated as Mason University College on 1 January 1898, with the Right Honourable Joseph Chamberlain MP becoming the President of its Court of Governors.

The Marianas remained a Spanish colony under the general government of the Philippines until 1898, when, as a result of the Spanish-American War, Spain ceded Guam to the United States.

It closed progressively between 1898 and 1951, as a result of subsidence and competition from the railways, and much of its course is now buried beneath the A470 Cardiff to Merthyr Tydfil trunk road.

His study on Spicheren had been begun some years before, and in 1898 appeared, as the result of eight years work, his masterpiece: Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War.

Newcastle's first win in the division came at home to Liverpool in November 1898 when Peddie scored two goals in a 3-0 result.

Between 1898 and 1949, there was no border patrol in the area, and as a result, people were free to travel between Hong Kong and China.

The popular song La Hoola Boola ( 1898 ) was also a result of their collaboration.

considers that the landmark decisions consisted of six fundamental cases only, all decided in 1901: " strictly speaking the Insular Cases are the original six opinions issued concerning acquired territories as a result of the 1898 Treaty of Paris.

He was a student at Howard University when — as a result of the start of the War with Spain — he entered the military service on July 13, 1898 as a temporary first lieutenant of the 8th United States Volunteer Infantry.

As a result of the 1898 Rebellion, which occurred on the Leech Lake Reservation, the US changed its policy and returned Minnesota's remaining Chippewa reservations, including White Earth.