By clarifying fundamental premises in the social sciences, and defining the logical problems emergent at the borderlands of each new scientific discipline, philosophy can offer the sort of distinction that can accelerate growth in human understanding.

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

" Clive Ruggles argues it is misleading to consider archaeoastronomy to be the study of ancient astronomy, as modern astronomy is a scientific discipline, while archaeoastronomy considers symbolically rich cultural interpretations of phenomena in the sky by other cultures.

The word computation has an archaic meaning ( from its Latin etymological roots ), but the word has come back in use with the arising of a new scientific discipline: computer science.

Cell biology ( formerly cytology, from the Greek kytos, " contain ") is a scientific discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death.

Holzkamp, who had written two books on theory of science and one on sensory perception before publishing the Grundlegung der Psychologie in 1983, thought this major work provided a solid paradigm for psychological research, as he viewed psychology as a pre-paradigmatic scientific discipline ( T. S.

With the emergence of chemical engineering as a discipline at the end of the 19th century, scientific rather than empirical methods could be applied.

This meeting established SETI as a scientific discipline.

In addition, the necessity of considering appropriate protocols, scientific integrity issues and a code of good practice-regarding the study of the abiotic world-is covered by this discipline.

In modern times, the term evolution is widely used, but the terms evolutionism and evolutionist are seldom used in the scientific community to refer to the biological discipline as the term is considered both redundant and anachronistic, though it has been used by creationists in discussing the creation-evolution controversy.

Engineering – discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of people.

The period of 1890-1920 is considered the golden era of educational psychology where aspirations of the new discipline rested on the application of the scientific methods of observation and experimentation to educational problems.

The objections to his work were occasionally fierce: Poincaré referred to Cantor's ideas as a " grave disease " infecting the discipline of mathematics, and Kronecker's public opposition and personal attacks included describing Cantor as a " scientific charlatan ", a " renegade " and a " corrupter of youth.

Geodesy (), also named geodetics, a branch of earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space.

Due to a perceived lack of scientific rigour in and overly descriptive nature of the discipline, and a continued separation of geography from geology and the two subfields of physical and human geography, geographers in the mid-20th century began to apply statistical and mathematical model methods to solving spatial problems.

This academic discipline also studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation.

In the 1960s, especially in the wake of the work done by Thomas Kuhn, the discipline began to serve a very different function, and began to be used as a way to critically examine the scientific enterprise.

Others such as Bruce Edmonds and Robert Aunger have focused on the need to provide an empirical grounding for memetics to become a useful and respected scientific discipline.

Geomatics includes geodesy ( scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the earth, its gravitational field, and other geodynamic phenomena, such as crustal motion, oceanic tides, and polar motion ) and GIS ( a computer based system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to the earth ) and remote sensing ( the short or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time sensing devices that are not in physical or intimate contact with the object ).

Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period.

In the 1950s and the 1960s, a behavioral revolution stressing the systematic and rigorously scientific study of individual and group behavior swept the discipline.

When enough significant anomalies have accrued against a current paradigm, the scientific discipline is thrown into a state of crisis, according to Kuhn.

After a given discipline has changed from one paradigm to another, this is called, in Kuhn's terminology, a scientific revolution or a paradigm shift.

The use of aerodynamics through mathematical analysis, empirical approximations, wind tunnel experimentation, and computer simulations form the scientific basis for heavier-than-air flight and a number of other technologies.

Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes ; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information ; doing scientific studies using computers ; making computer systems behave intelligently ; creating and using communications and entertainment media ; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on.

In the same year ( 1964 ), Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) introduced another influential computer aimed at the scientific and research markets, the PDP-8.

In 1978 the magician and scientific sceptic James Randi and a team from the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal examined the photographs, using a " computer enhancement process ".

This position is indicated separately in the internal representation, and floating-point representation can thus be thought of as a computer realization of scientific notation.

He worked on the architecture of the IBM 7030 Stretch, a $ 10m scientific supercomputer of which nine were sold, and the IBM 7950 Harvest computer for the National Security Agency.

Simon was among the founding fathers of several of today's important scientific domains, including artificial intelligence, information processing, decision-making, problem-solving, attention economics, organization theory, complex systems, and computer simulation of scientific discovery.

IRIX was widely used in the computer animation industry and for scientific visualization due to its once-large application base.

PL / I (" Programming Language One ", pronounced " pee-el-one ") is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and systems programming applications.

In the 1950s and early 1960s business and scientific users programmed for different computer hardware using different programming languages.

It is commonly used in textbooks and scientific publications that are documenting various algorithms, and also in planning of computer program development, for sketching out the structure of the program before the actual coding takes place.

Textbooks and scientific publications related to computer science and numerical computation often use pseudocode in description of algorithms, so that all programmers can understand them, even if they do not all know the same programming languages.

The document says no, but quotes his son and then IBM President Thomas J. Watson, Jr., at the annual IBM stockholders meeting, April 28, 1953, as speaking about the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine, which it identifies as " the company's first production computer designed for scientific calculations ".

* Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals – 80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science.

The Black Proposal described the limitations on any scientific research that required computer capabilities, and it described a future world of productive scientific collaboration, centered around universal computer access, where technical limitations on scientific research would not exist.

The implementation of the Black Proposal had a primary role in shaping the computer technology of today, and its impact on research ( both scientific and otherwise ) has been profound.

A less confrontational vision of scientific discovery is proposed by Adloff He suggests that hindsight criticism of the early publications should be mitigated by the nascent state of radiochemistry, highlights the prudence of Debierne's claims in the original papers, and notes that nobody can contend that Debierne's substance did not contain actinium.

" In the works of authors like Clemens Timpler of Heidelberg and Steinfurt, Bartolomaeus Keckermann of Heidelberg and Danzig, and Johann Heinrich Alsted of Herborn there appeared a new, unified vision of the encyclopaedia of the scientific disciplines in which ontology had the role of assigning to each of the particular sciences its proper domain.

* And respond with vision, quality, integrity and technical excellence to scientific issues of national importance.

Young made notable scientific contributions to the fields of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology.

Lindsay's chief glory lay in his vision, which helped to propel scientific advance through the 19th and 20th centuries.

In Dutch universities, the Rector Magnificus is the member of the executive board of the university responsible for the scientific vision and quality of the university.

Grosseteste was the first of the Scholastics to fully understand Aristotle's vision of the dual path of scientific reasoning: generalizing from particular observations into a universal law, and then back again from universal laws to prediction of particulars.

Although Robert Owen's vision of New Harmony as an advance in social reform was not realized, the town did become a scientific center of national significance, especially in the natural sciences, most notably geology.

" His abiding interest in spiritual and emotional considerations did not preclude Inness from undertaking a scientific study of color, nor a mathematical, structural approach to composition: " The poetic quality is not obtained by eschewing any truths of fact or of Nature ... Poetry is the vision of reality.

MCPs are used for imaging and scientific applications, including night vision devices.

* Prix d ’ Excellence Award recognizes the highest level of contribution to the ICES vision of “ An international scientific community that is relevant, responsive, sound, and credible, concerning marine ecosystems and their relation to humanity ”.

ARH mosque ’ s vision is to become the center of Islam on the campus, to produce modern Muslims who have both faith and scientific thought, capable of practicing religion and solving religious problems.

Unlike Rendezvous with Rama, which depicted a utopian future and focused almost entirely on the hard science fiction elements regarding the scientific wonders of the alien spacecraft, Rama II and its sequels deconstruct Clarke's vision of human colonies throughout the solar system through a global economic crisis that forced their almost total deactivation.

The orthoptic health care profession evolved and specialised as scientific development increased in the diagnosis, management and pre / post-surgical care of patients with strabismus, binocular vision abnormalities and specific pediatric disorders.

The six sides of the " prison " are said to be: patriarchal attitudes, egocentricity, scientific single vision, the bureaucratic mentality, nationalism ( xenophobia ), and the " big city outlook " ( fear of nature ).

In this way, EASAC has the opportunity to fulfil the vision of the Academies, namely that science plays a key role in many aspects of modern life and the recognition of this scientific aspect is a prerequisite for wise political decisions.

Bachelard's studies of the history and philosophy of science in such works as Le nouvel esprit scientifique (" The New Scientific Mind ", 1934 ) and La formation de l ' esprit scientifique (" The Formation of the Scientific Mind ", 1938 ) were based on his vision of historical epistemology as a kind of psychoanalysis of the scientific mind, or rather of the psychological factors in the development of sciences.

We will achieve this vision by increasing scientific knowledge and understanding of the earth's environment, promoting preservation of diverse ecosystems, advancing responsible resource management, and improving human health and welfare.

It was typical for scientists and engineers of the time to have a very scientific vision of industry.

Joszt even then held a vision of developing science in the direction of genetic engineering and biotechnology, which had a direct influence on Szybalski's future scientific development.

" In his lecture, Holton argued that Jefferson's vision of science as a force for social improvement was still viable, opined that there had been a " relocation of the center of gravity " of scientific inquiry toward solving society's important problems, and cautioned that science education had to be improved dramatically or only a small " technological elite " would be equipped to take part in self-government.

The original vision of LaTeX is to insulate the user from typographical decisions — a useful approach for submitting, say, articles for a scientific journal.

Thompson recognized that technical education was the means by which scientific knowledge could be put into action and spent the rest of his life putting his vision into practical realization.

* Ehud Gazit, A vision of a scientific superpower, Ha ' aretz, 8 June 2009