He was influenced by Roger Bacon, Robert Grosseteste, Thomas Bradwardine, William of Occam, and Richard Fitzralph.

In the 13th century a clear distinction was made between classical philosophers, modern ( to the people then ) philosophers, theosophers, and theologians in the work Summa philosophiae attributed to Robert Grosseteste.

Robert Grosseteste ( ) or Grossetete ( ; c. 1175 – 9 October 1253 ) was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln.

It is fairly certain that Grosseteste was a master by 1192, but whether that indicated he completed a course of studies is unclear.

However, the evidence for this comes from a late thirteenth century anecdote and its main claim is that Grosseteste was in fact entitled the master of students ( magister scholarium ).

Grosseteste wrote a number of early works in Latin and French while he was a clerk ( see biography above ), including one called Chasteau d ' amour, an allegorical poem on the creation of the world and Christian redemption, as well as several other poems and texts on household management and courtly etiquette.

Thus Grosseteste concluded, following very much in what Boethius had argued, that mathematics was the highest of all sciences, and the basis for all others, since every natural science ultimately depended on mathematics.

He was born about 1200 in the diocese of Bath, and educated at Oxford ( Greyfriars ) under the famous Grosseteste.

In 1919, the Friars moved to the current site on the Iffley Road — first naming it Grosseteste House after the first Head of the original Greyfriars — and on completion of the present building in 1930, the name of Greyfriars was adopted once more.

Peckham also studied other fields, however ; and was guided by Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon's views on the value of experimental science.

He has been described as one of the “ metaphysicians of light ” ( Robert Grosseteste was another ).

Thus, early knowledge of lenses and the availability of lenses for spectacles from the 13th century onwards through the 16th century means that it was possible for many individuals to discover the principles of a telescope using a combination of concave or concave and convex lenses ; in the 13th century, Robert Grosseteste wrote several scientific treatises between 1230 and 1235, including De Iride ( Concerning the Rainbow ), in which he said:

Roger Bacon was a pupil of Grosseteste at Oxford, and is frequently stated as having described a magnifying device in the 13th century, however it is not certain if he built a working model.

The Grosseteste Review, which published these poets, was originally thought of as a kind of magazine of British Objectivism.

Maunsell became a favorite of the young King Henry III and was appointed to the vacant prebend of Thames by Henry, but Robert Grosseteste, a reforming bishop with strong feelings about ecclesiastic rights and privilege, refused to admit him.

Disagreements and disputes were continual, and the easy expedient of rewarding the officials of the Curia and increasing the papal revenue by " reserving " more and more benefices was met by repeated protests, such as that of the bishops and barons of England ( the chief sufferers ), headed by Robert Grosseteste of Lincoln, at the council of Lyons in 1245.

The Friars had a long and esteemed history in Oxford, listing many famous alumni, including the English statesman, Robert Grosseteste, also a theologian and Bishop of Lincoln, who became head of Greyfriars, Master of the School of Oxford from 1208, and the first Chancellor of the University of Oxford.

* Robert Grosseteste translates Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics from Greek into Latin, it marks the true start of the rediscovery of the philosopher by Medieval Europe.

The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of enquiry and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation ; and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research The University of Bologne is considered the oldest continually operating university.

In the 13th century medieval Europe the English bishop Robert Grosseteste wrote on a wide range of scientific topics discussing light from four different perspectives: an epistemology of light, a metaphysics or cosmogony of light, an etiology or physics of light, and a theology of light, basing it on the works Aristotle and Platonism.

However, Grosseteste is best known as an original thinker for his work concerning what would today be called science or the scientific method.

Although Grosseteste did not always follow his own advice during his investigations, his work is seen as instrumental in the history of the development of the Western scientific tradition.

* 1220 – 1235 – Robert Grosseteste: rudimentals of the scientific method ( see also: Roger Bacon )

The English bishop, Robert Grosseteste ( c. 1175 – 1253 ), wrote on a wide range of scientific topics at the time of the origin of the medieval university and the recovery of the works of Aristotle.

Grosseteste acquired a position in the bishop's household, but at the death of this patron, he disappeared from the historical record.

The committee rejected the demand, and Grosseteste foiled an attempt on the king's part to separate the clergy from the baronage.

Bishop Grosseteste University College, a stone's throw away from Lincoln Cathedral, is named after Robert Grosseteste.

It is more probable that, like Robert Grosseteste, he had been attached to the Papacy as the only centre of authority, and the only guarantee for public order in the Church, but that his experience of the actual working of the papal system ( and especially a visit to Rome in 1857 ) had to a certain extent convinced him how his ideal diverged from the reality.

But he added to this the Neoplatonic concept, perhaps drawn from Grosseteste, that every object radiates a power ( species ) by which it acts upon nearby objects suited to receive those species.

In his works of 1220 – 1235, in particular the Aristotelian commentaries, Grosseteste laid out the framework for the proper methods of science.

In the 13th century they were introduced into the West through the agency of Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, whose Latin translation of the work immediately became popular.

Robert Grosseteste, the Bishop of Lincoln, had examined Passelewe, and found him unfit for episcopal office, and Boniface then quashed the election in 1244.

Robert Grosseteste, then Bishop of Lincoln, marvelled that the people " run to the friars for instruction as well as for confession and direction.

In addition, the century can be seen as period in which the study of natural philosophy that could anachronistically be called ' science ' began once again to flourish in theological soil, in the hands of such men as Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

He said that Democritus, Plato, Augustine, and Grosseteste far outranked Aristotle.

Bacon studied at Oxford and may have been a disciple of Grosseteste.

( R. Grosseteste p. 96 )

* Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian and bishop ( approximate date ; d. 1253 )

The earl preferred to make his peace with Henry III, which he did in 1253, in obedience to the exhortations of the dying Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln.

Matthew Paris reports that the Bishop of Lincoln, Robert Grosseteste, once said to Simon's eldest son Henry: " My beloved child, both you and your father will meet your deaths on one day, and by one kind of death, but it will be in the name of justice and truth.

In the 13th century AD, Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon commented on the pinhole camera.

When we consider the influence that Adelard had on the study of philosophy, we see his ideas most notably manifested in the later works of Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon.

In addition, some of the greatest theologians of the High Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste, were products of the medieval university.

Grosseteste may also have been appointed Chancellor of the University of Oxford.

As a master of the sacred page ( manuscripts of theology in the Latin ), Grosseteste trained the Franciscans in the standard curriculum of university theology.

Grosseteste lectured on the Psalter, the Pauline epistles, Genesis ( at least the creation account ), and possibly on Isaiah, Daniel and Sirach.

Grosseteste also preached at the university and appears to have been called to preach within the diocese as well.