( P. 215 ) when corporate abuses were attacked, it was done on the theory that criminal penalties would be invoked rather than control.

In the theory of law, a controversy differs from a legal case ; while legal cases include all suits, criminal as well as civil, a controversy is a purely civil proceeding.

Thus in theory, if law enforcement officials decline to offer a Miranda warning to an individual in their custody, they may still interrogate that person and act upon the knowledge gained, but may not use that person's statements to incriminate him or her in a criminal trial.

Soon afterwards, in lectures on criminal jurisprudence he set forth his famous theory, that in administering justice judges should be strictly limited in their decisions by the penal code.

Another is that there is no direct evidence that Hunter's Hood had ever been an outlaw or any kind of criminal or rebel at all ; the theory is built on conjecture and coincidence of detail.

The Court of Appeal upheld the conviction, but it also gave the opinion that " To introduce Bayes ' Theorem, or any similar method, into a criminal trial plunges the jury into inappropriate and unnecessary realms of theory and complexity, deflecting them from their proper task.

In criminal cases, under a theory of dual sovereignty, both the state government and the federal government may independently prosecute crimes arising out of the same criminal conduct, even if the dual prosecution would violate the right to not be tried more than once for the same offense if the prosecutions had both happened at the state level or had both happened at the federal level.

The theory has been used as a motivation for several reforms in criminal policy.

Under the broken windows theory, an ordered and clean environment – one which is maintained – sends the signal that the area is monitored and that criminal behavior will not be tolerated.

:: Example: A criminal defendant is entitled to jury instructions that accurately state the law, permit him to argue his theory of the case, and are supported by the evidence.

In theory, telephone tapping often needs to be authorized by a court, and is, again in theory, normally only approved when evidence shows it is not possible to detect criminal or subversive activity in less intrusive ways ; often the law and regulations require that the crime investigated must be at least of a certain severity.

The use of sanctions, which can be either positive ( rewarding ) or negative ( punishment ) is the basis of all criminal theory, along with the main goals of social control, and deterrence of deviant behavior.

Instead, using concepts drawn from physiognomy, early eugenics, psychiatry and Social Darwinism, Lombroso's theory of anthropological criminology essentially stated that criminality was inherited, and that someone " born criminal " could be identified by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.

There was widespread belief in Kejne's conspiracy theory about a " homosexual mafia ", supposedly controlling several criminal gangs of gay men.

His need to provide a liberal justification for criminal law practice thus lead him to moral philosophy, and to the development of an original " consensual " theory of punishment which combined the merits of the retributive and utilitarian ( see deterrence ) varieties while avoiding their respective difficulties Similarly, the problems presented by the characterization of criminal conduct stimulated his work in the field of philosophy of action.

RP ties together theory, research and practice in fields such as education, counseling, criminal justice, social work and organizational management.

His paper Excuses has had a massive impact on criminal law theory.

This theory combines the advantage of making out the Greeks to be plagiarists ( and therefore second-rate or criminal ), while claiming that they support Christianity by their arguments at least some of the time.

For its teaching and scholarship, Columbia is lauded in international and comparative law, corporate and securities law, administrative law, bankruptcy law, commercial law, criminal law and procedure, critical race theory, gender studies, intellectual property, labor and employment law, legal history and legal theory, public interest and human rights law.

Under this logic, all police power could be nationalized and local police and criminal courts eliminated on the theory that all crime has an impact on commerce.

Nevertheless, the theory that the determining influence of the hypothalamic balance has a profound influence on the clinical behavior of neuropsychiatric patients has not yet been tested on an adequate number of patients.

In theory, compulsive behavior is a way of diminishing anxiety, and one might expect a negative association except for the possibility that for many children the obsessive-compulsive defenses are not sufficient to quell the amount of anxiety they suffer.

Dr. Lyttleton backs the theory that we live in an electric universe and this theory starts with the behavior of protons and electrons.

Thus aesthetic judgments might be seen to be based on the senses, emotions, intellectual opinions, will, desires, culture, preferences, values, subconscious behavior, conscious decision, training, instinct, sociological institutions, or some complex combination of these, depending on exactly which theory one employs.

Following the work on expected utility theory of Ramsey and von Neumann, decision-theorists have accounted for rational behavior using a probability distribution for the agent.

Where responsible behavior is prevented by social conditions, or is simply beyond the ability of an individual, the conspiracy theory facilitates the emotional discharge or closure that such emotional challenges ( after Erving Goffman ) require.

Thus, while Nozick's side-constraints are absolute restrictions on behavior, Amartya Sen proposes a theory that recognizes the importance of certain rules, but these rules are not absolute.

The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in Lǐ () is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, social and political institutions, and the etiquette of daily behavior.

When applied to the simplest two-electron molecule, H < sub > 2 </ sub >, valence bond theory, even at the simplest Heitler-London approach, gives a much closer approximation to the bond energy, and it provides a much more accurate representation of the behavior of the electrons as chemical bonds are formed and broken.

* Chaos theory, the study of the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions

Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of dynamical systems with inputs.

* a theory that deals with influencing the behavior of dynamical systems

From this idea the dual inheritance theory is based, and in this theory biology and the arts work together to explain the growth of human behavior.

Bifurcation theory considers a structure in phase space ( typically a fixed point, a periodic orbit, or an invariant torus ) and studies its behavior as a function of the parameter μ.

From the 1960s, however, such comments abated as the economic theory of maximizing behavior and rational-choice modeling expanded the domain of the subject to areas previously treated in other fields.

The latter, an aspect of public choice theory, models public-sector behavior analogously to microeconomics, involving interactions of self-interested voters, politicians, and bureaucrats.

All the experiments conducted to date have found behavior in line with the predictions of standard quantum mechanics theory.

Piaget proposed a developmental theory of moral reasoning in which children progress from a naïve understanding of morality based on behavior and outcomes to a more advanced understanding based on intentions.

Despite the demonstrated efficacy of awards in changing behavior, their use in education has been criticized by proponents of self-determination theory, who claim that praise and other rewards undermine intrinsic motivation.

In its earlier, neo-behavioral incarnation called social learning theory, Bandura emphasized the process of observational learning in which a learner's behavior changes as a result of observing others ' behavior and its consequences.

The concept of self-efficacy, which played an important role in later developments of the theory, refers to the learner's belief in his or her ability to perform the modeled behavior.

There, it was first clearly shown that mean field theory approaches failed to predict the correct behavior at the critical point ( which was found to fall under a universality class that includes many other systems, such as liquid-gas transitions ), and had to be replaced by renormalization group theory.