Considering then the optimism which has permeated science fiction for so long, what is really remarkable is that during the last twelve years many science-fiction writers have turned about and attacked their own cherished vision of the future, have attacked the Childhood's End kind of faith that science and technology will inevitably better the human condition.

What makes the current phenomenon unique is that so many science-fiction writers have reversed a trend and turned to writing works critical of the impact of science and technology on human life.

In addition, there are many areas of the human situation besides the impact of science and technology which are examined, for science-fiction dystopias often extrapolate political, social, economic tendencies only indirectly related to science and technology.

Braudel's followers admired his use of the longue durée approach to stress slow, and often imperceptible effects of space, climate and technology on the actions of human beings in the past.

In Richard K. Morgan's Takeshi Kovacs novels human colonies on distant planets maintain contact with earth and each other via hyperspatial needlecast, a technology which moves information "... so close to instantaneously that scientists are still arguing about the terminology ...".

Lucifer is the light spirit, which " plays on human pride and offers the delusion of divinity ", but also motivates creativity and spirituality ; Ahriman is the dark spirit, which tempts human beings to "... deny link with divinity and to live entirely on the material plane ", but also stimulates intellectuality and technology.

With current technology, AI-complete problems cannot be solved by computer alone, but also require human computation.

Some examples are in improving crop technology ( not a medical application per se ; see BioSystems Engineering ), the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through the use of modified bacteria, the manufacture of erythropoietin in hamster ovary cells, and the production of new types of experimental mice such as the oncomouse ( cancer mouse ) for research.

Primarily, the term has been used to refer to the material and instrumental side of human cultures that are complex in terms of technology, science, and division of labor.

The possibility of a digital planned economy was explored by Chile with the creation of Project Cybersyn, the project was a success in many ways but due to the lack of computer technology and need for constant human input was limited in comparison to modern and more advanced technology.

The alien technology that accelerated the evolution of ape-like hominids at the start of the story has now advanced Bowman to the next stage of human evolution.

Many Muslim scholars argue that even though technology may have advanced, the fundamentals of human life have not and is in the scope of current laws.

For Marx, productive forces refer to the means of production such as the tools, instruments, technology, land, raw materials, and human knowledge and abilities in terms of using these means of production.

That is, the character of the production relations is determined by the character of the productive forces ; these could be the simple tools and instruments of early human existence, or the more developed machinery and technology of present age.

Additionally, his argument that profits are generated only through surplus labour has been challenged by the counterclaim that profits also come from investments in human capital and technology.

Advances in technology, accumulation of machinery and other capital, and better education and human capital all lead to increased economic output over time.

Some commentators define Modernism as a socially progressive trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve and reshape their environment with the aid of practical experimentation, scientific knowledge, or technology.

The November 1935 issue of the Annales contains Febvre's introduction that defines three essential approaches to a history of technology: to investigate technology, to understand the progress of technology, and to understand the relationship of technology to other human activities.

Fleming also became convinced that penicillin would not last long enough in the human body ( in vivo ) to kill bacteria effectively.

Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon.

` Abdu ' l-Bahá soon became very popular in the penal colony and Myron Phelps a wealthy New York lawyer described how " a crowd of human beings ... Syrians, Arabs, Ethiopians, and many others ", all waited to talk and receive ` Abdu ' l-Bahá.

The length of an axon can be extraordinary: for example, if a pyramidal cell of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body, its axon, equally magnified, would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter, extending more than a kilometer.

He became convinced that sense-pleasures and wealth did not provide the satisfaction that human beings longed for deep within.

It was during this time that Barnard first became acquainted with Norman Shumway, who did much of the pioneering research leading to the first human heart transplant.

Then, when the Son became flesh and entered into the world, these two divine and human natures both remained but became united in the person of Jesus.

It teaches that God became especially immanent in physical form through the Incarnation of God the Son who was born as Jesus of Nazareth, who is believed to be at once fully God and fully human.

It is not possible to say when dance became part of human culture.

The poet Christian Wernicke was born in 1661 in Elbląg, while Gottfried Achenwall became famous for his teachings in natural law and human rights law.

* The modern Environmental movement, which began in the 1960s with concern about air and water pollution, became broader in scope to including all landscapes and human activities.

Also in order to support the increased weight on each vertebra in the upright position the human vertebral column became S-shaped and the lumbar vertebrae became shorter and wider.

Encephalization has been tied to an increasing emphasis on meat in the diet, or with the development of cooking, and it has been proposed that intelligence increased as a response to an increased necessity for solving social problems as human society became more complex.

Although some physical events such as the Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of London continued to encourage belief in " the end of the world " ruled by carnal human beings ; the doctrine of the sect either died out, or became merged in a milder form of Millenarianism.

He emphasized that Jesus did not cease to be God when he became a man, nor did he lose any of his divine attributes when he took on human nature.

Invincible to human intervention, Satan became the villain in many horror films with a postmodern style and a dystopian worldview.

Historical materialism builds upon the idea that became current in philosophy from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries that the development of human society has moved through a series of stages, from hunting and gathering, through pastoralism and cultivation, to commercial society.

The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

In the 19th century, human rights became a central concern over the issue of slavery.

These include: In 1959 he became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; in 1967 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences ; the ACM's Turing Award for making " basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing " ( 1975 ); the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics " for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations " ( 1978 ); the National Medal of Science ( 1986 ); and the APA's Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology ( 1993 ).

Starting c. 1500, a number of species became extinct upon human settlement of the islands, including:

In the textile sector, such mills became the model for the organisation of human labour in factories, epitomised by Cottonopolis, the name given to the vast collection of cotton mills, factories and administration offices based in Manchester.

He was a learned and brilliant man, one of the best jurists in Europe and with flashes of penetrating insight, and yet in his dealings with other people, particularly when he tried to be ingratiating, he was capable of an abysmal stupidity that can have come only from a complete incomprehension of human nature and human motives.

KITECH researched and developed EveR-1, an android interpersonal communications model capable of emulating human emotional expression via facial " musculature " and capable of rudimentary conversation, having a vocabulary of around 400 words.

But humans can do something equally useful, in the case of certain enumerably infinite sets: They can give explicit instructions for determining the nth member of the set, for arbitrary finite n. Such instructions are to be given quite explicitly, in a form in which they could be followed by a computing machine, or by a human who is capable of carrying out only very elementary operations on symbols.

Each is the size of a large asteroid, only capable surviving in microgravity conditions, and processes data at 0. 5 % the speed of a human brain.

Owing to this research, backgammon software has been developed capable of beating world-class human players.

# Emptiness: This stage moves beyond the attempts to fix, heal and convert of the chaos stage, when all people become capable of acknowledging their own woundedness and brokenness, common to us all as human beings.

History has shown time and again that human stupidity can lead to collective traumas capable of being continued for generations.

Christians teach that human beings inherit a corrupted or damaged human nature in which the tendency to do bad is greater than it would have been otherwise, so much so that human nature would not be capable now of participating in the afterlife with God.

Judaism does not see human beings as inherently flawed or sinful and needful of being saved from it, but rather capable with a free will of being righteous, and unlike Christianity does not closely associate ideas of " salvation " with a New Covenant delivered by a Jewish messiah, although in Judaism Jewish people will have a renewed national commitment of observing God's commandments under the New Covenant, and the Jewish Messiah will also be ruling at a time of global peace and acceptance of God by all people.

In some cultures, they are also said to be capable of human speech.

The only human power capable of deposing the king was the pope.

found in all regions capable of sustaining tree growth, at altitudes up to the tree line, except where natural fire frequency or other disturbance is too high, or where the environment has been altered by human activity.

Life support systems must be capable of supporting human life for weeks, months or even years.

While Weber shares some of Marx's consternation with bureaucratic systems and maligns them as being capable of advancing their own logic to the detriment of human freedom and autonomy, Weber views conflict as perpetual and inevitable and does not host the spirit of a materially available utopia.

Eventually the industry had machines capable of quickly producing huge numbers of inexpensive nails with little or no human intervention.

Essentially, this proved that the human body is capable of creating complex adaptive systems as a result of local events with feedback.

Temporary silences were observed so that sensitive listening devices capable of detecting human heartbeats could be used to locate survivors.

Their child was a horse, Arion, which was capable of human speech.

Inasmuch as I am concerned, Most Excellent Sir, the effusion of my gratitude is inexplicable, at having had the unique satisfaction capable of filling the human heart, as is to deserve the public confidence in circumstances so critical to govern the independent Isthmus ; and I can only correspond to such high distinction with the sacrifices I am willing to make since I devoted myself, as it wished, to the mother country that has seen me be born and to who I owe all that I own ...

No theory, they said – especially when concerning human society or psychology – was capable of reducing phenomena to elemental systems or abstract patterns, nor could abstract systems be dismissed as secondary derivatives of a fundamental nature: systemization, phenomena, and values were part of each other.