Unlike office holders ( magistrates ) who could be impeached and prosecuted for misconduct, the jurors could not be censured, for they, in effect, were the people and no authority could be higher than that.

The office of the curule aedile was open to plebeians and patricians, and they were considered curule magistrates.

Since the Plebeian Aediles were elected by the Plebeians ( commoners ), rather than by all of the People of Rome ( Plebeians as well as members of the Patrician aristocracy ), they were not technically magistrates.

Although his term lasted only six months instead of twelve ( except for the Dictatorships of Sulla and Caesar ), all other magistrates reported to the dictator ( except for the tribunes of the plebs-although they could not veto any of the dictator's acts ), granting the dictator absolute authority in both civil and military matters throughout the Republic.

Claudius did not want free-born magistrates to have to serve under him, as if they were not peers.

" The Council of Areopagus was guardian of the laws, and kept watch over the magistrates to see that they executed their offices in accordance with the laws.

At this time many of the noble youths and of the magistrates run up and down through the city naked, for sport and laughter striking those they meet with shaggy thongs.

While they were performing this task, they were given supreme political power ( imperium ), whereas the power of the magistrates was restricted.

Since the plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles were elected by the plebeians ( non-aristocrats that owned land ) in the Plebeian Council, rather than by all of the People of Rome ( plebeians, the patrician nobility, and the capite censi, landless commoners ), they were technically not " magistrates ".

Since tribunes were technically not magistrates, they had no magisterial powers (" major powers " or maior potestas ), and thus could not rely on such powers to veto.

Among his apologetic writings, the Apologeticus, addressed to the Roman magistrates, is a most pungent defense of Christianity and the Christians against the reproaches of the pagans, and an important legacy of the ancient Church, proclaiming the principle of freedom of religion as an inalienable human right and demands a fair trial for Christians before they are condemned to death.

The anger was directed against the magistrates by the small shop keepers, and they concentrated their attack on the stipendiary magistrate, Isidore Dyett.

Subordinate or inferior jurisdiction judges in U. S. legal practice are sometimes called magistrates, although in the federal court of the United States, they are called magistrate judges.

In June 1780 Amherst oversaw the British army as they suppressed the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots in London: after the outbreak of rioting Amherst deployed the small London garrison of Horse and Foot Guards as best as he could but was hindered by the reluctance of the civil magistrates to authorise decisive action against the rioters.

As magistrates, they had standing duties to perform, especially of a religious nature.

He also described, in a phone call, the magistrates investigating him about the corruption charges as " penniless, envious turds whose wives are probably cuckolding them while they keep track of me.

In 318 BC the powers of the native officials ( meddices ) were limited by the appointment of officials with the title praefecti Capuam Cumas ( taking their name from the most important towns of Campania ); these were at first mere deputies of the praetor urbanus, but after 123 BC were elected Roman magistrates, four in number ; they governed the whole of Campania until the time of Augustus, when they were abolished.

Even more, they had the boldness to approach and beg the Praetors, Consuls and other magistrates.

The pontifices had many relevant and prestigious functions such as being in charge of caring for the state archives, the keeping the official minutes of elected magistrates ( see Fasti ) and list of magistrates, and they kept the records of their own decisions ( commentarii ) and of the chief events of each year, the so-called " public diaries ", the Annales maximi.

Spurius Postumius Albinus, general and consul, proposed the magistrates surrender themselves to the Samnites as criminals for breaking their oaths, relieving the populus Romanus of any responsibility for breaking the peace, as they had never ratified the treaty.

As for other Oscan-Umbrian populations, they were governed by supreme magistrates known as meddixes.

A letter is still extant which the Fraticelli of the Campagna ( 1353 – 55 ) wrote to the magistrates of Narni when they heard that one of their number ( Fra Stefano ) had been cruelly imprisoned by the Inquisition of that city twelve or fifteen years before.

If the magistrates at this local level were satisfied that the complaint was well-founded, the prisoner was handed over to be dealt with by a superior court.

The only check on that power came in the form of vetoes handed down by other magistrates.

We must remember the ' underground ' of the ballad singer and the fairground which handed on traditions to the nineteenth century ( to the music hall, or Dickens ' circus folk or Hardy's pedlars and showmen ); for in these ways the ' inarticulate of people conserve certain values-a spontaneity and capacity for enjoyment and mutual loyalties-despite the inhibiting pressures of magistrates, mill-owners, and Methodists.

The only check on that power came in the form of vetoes handed down by other magistrates.

In 1858, after paying $ 1 250 000 for over a million wolves in Central Russia, officials became suspicious, and discovered that some hunters bought wolf pelts for low prices, cut them up and handed them to magistrates as wolf tails.

The boule coordinated the activities of the various boards and magistrates that carried out the administrative functions of Athens and provided from its own membership randomly selected boards of ten responsible for areas ranging from naval affairs to religious observances.

As the Reformation took root, clashes broke out in many cities between local reformers and conservative city magistrates.

They were met with an uncompromising response: not only did the Samnites declare their intention of waging war against Capua, but their magistrates left the council chamber, and loud enough for the Roman envoys to hear, ordered their armies to march out at once and ravage Campanian territory.

And when the senate was separated, Antony and Caesar went out, with Herod between them ; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices the Roman gods, and to lay the decree in the Capitol.

Civilian enforcement officers are employed by Her Majesty's Courts Service and carry out enforcement for magistrates ' courts-this mainly involves collection of unpaid fines given by the court.

The Roman republic had legislative assemblies, who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of new statutes, the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation ( or dissolution ) of alliances.

They worked out of Fielding's office and court at No. 4 Bow Street, and did not patrol but served writs and arrested offenders on the authority of the magistrates, travelling nationwide to apprehend criminals.

It was relatively common for these magistrates to write out, on the spot, an Order requiring aid to be granted.

According to the contemporary historian Polybius, it was the people ( and thus the assemblies ) who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of new statutes, the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation ( or dissolution ) of alliances.

All magistrates receive a 3 day training before sitting, carried out in conjunction with a mentoring program ( mentors are magistrates with at least 3 years service ), which covers basic law and procedure and then continue to receive training throughout their judicial career.

The Soke had also a separate rate, out of which all payments were made, and a separate police force, the Liberty of Peterborough Constabulary, appointed by and under the control of the magistrates of the Soke.

Other staff include Associate Prosecutors, who are not qualified lawyers but are specially trained to review and present limited range of cases in magistrates ' courts, paralegal staff who carry out work required to implement decisions and progress existing cases, and administrative staff who deal with tasks such as tracking the progress of cases, liaising with other agencies, matching incoming material to case files and copying and sending out documents.

This involved the closure of 93 magistrates courts and 49 county courts ( out of a total of 530 courts ) as well as proposals to reinvest £ 22 million of savings into the modernisation of the remaining court estate.

Iceland is now split up between 26 sýslumenn ( magistrates ) that are the highest authority over the local police ( except in Reykjavík where there is a special office of police commissioner ) and carry out administrative functions such as declaring bankruptcy and marrying people outside of the church.

In some cases, they would only find out when magistrates showed up with the sheriff and seized their property, sometimes throwing them into debtor's prison until their debts were paid.

Judges and magistrates then come under public pressure to deal out harsher sentences and politicians pass new laws to increase their popularity by giving the impression that they are dealing with the perceived threat.

The Crown Court carries out four principal types of activity: appeals from decisions of magistrates ; sentencing of defendants committed from magistrates ’ courts, jury trials, and the sentencing of those who are convicted in the Crown Court, either after trial or on pleading guilty.

These magistrates have the ability to develop player law, which they can also carry out.

He was politically moderate, arguing against legislation and judicial decisions punishing people for speaking out against the governing magistrates.

Mr Daly, the Chief Sanitary Inspector for the local council, tried to prosecute him but the magistrates threw out the case on the grounds that a goldfish was not an article.

They charge the local magistrates for the work they carry out.