Writers of this class of science fiction have clearly in mind the assumptions that man can master the principles of this cause-and-effect universe and that such mastery will necessarily better the human lot.

On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

In Arthur Clarke's Childhood's End ( 1953 ), though written after the present flood of dystopias began, we can see the bright vision of science fiction clearly defined.

Considering then the optimism which has permeated science fiction for so long, what is really remarkable is that during the last twelve years many science-fiction writers have turned about and attacked their own cherished vision of the future, have attacked the Childhood's End kind of faith that science and technology will inevitably better the human condition.

Because of the means of publication -- science-fiction magazines and cheap paperbacks -- and because dystopian science fiction is still appearing in quantity the full range and extent of this phenomenon can hardly be known, though one fact is evident: the science-fiction imagination has been immensely fertile in its extrapolations.

There is, of course, nothing new about dystopias, for they belong to a literary tradition which, including also the closely related satiric utopias, stretches from at least as far back as the eighteenth century and Swift's Gulliver's Travels to the twentieth century and Zamiatin's We, Capek's War With The Newts, Huxley's Brave New World, E. M. Forster's `` The Machine Stops '', C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength, and Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, and which in science fiction is represented before the present deluge as early as Wells's trilogy, The Time Machine, `` A Story Of The Days To Come '', and When The Sleeper Wakes, and as recently as Jack Williamson's `` With Folded Hands '' ( 1947 ), the classic story of men replaced by their own robots.

Not all recent science fiction, however, is dystopian, for the optimistic strain is still very much alive in Mission Of Gravity and Childhood's End, as we have seen, as well as in many other recent popular novels and stories like Fred Hoyle's The Black Cloud ( 1957 ) ; ;

and among works of dystopian science fiction, not all provide intelligent criticism and very few have much merit as literature -- but then real quality has always been scarce in science fiction.

`` The human ego being what it is '', I put in, `` science fiction has always assumed that the creatures on the planets of a thousand larger solar systems than ours must look like gigantic tube-nosed fruit bats.

It is not through space nor time that the time machine most approved by science fiction must travel for a visit to the permanent prehistoric past, or the ever-existent past-fantasy future.

Significantly, Huxley also worked for a time in the 1920s at the technologically advanced Brunner and Mond chemical plant in Billingham, Teesside, and the most recent introduction to his famous science fiction novel Brave New World ( 1932 ) states that this experience of " an ordered universe in a world of planless incoherence " was one source for the novel.

Until recently, androids have largely remained within the domain of science fiction, frequently seen in film and television.

The term " droid ", coined by George Lucas for the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of " android ", but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like R2-D2.

" The term made an impact into English pulp science fiction starting from Jack Williamson's The Cometeers ( 1936 ) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by Edmond Hamilton's Captain Future ( 1940 – 1944 ).

For example, Heinlein was the " dean of science fiction writers " because he was " the scientist " of science fiction.

In the 1950s, many of them were retrospectively patched together into novels, or " fixups " as he called them, a term which entered the vocabulary of science fiction criticism.

The term shmoo has also entered the lexicon, defining highly technical concepts in no less than four separate fields of science, including the variations shmooing ( a microbiological term for the " budding " process in yeast reproduction ), and shmoo plot ( a technical term in the field of electrical engineering ).

Intending to work with his father on their ranch, Brubeck entered the College of the Pacific ( now the University of the Pacific ) studying veterinary science, but transferred on the urging of the head of zoology, Dr. Arnold, who told him " Brubeck, your mind's not here.

By 1997, the phrase had entered the legal lexicon as seen in an opinion by Supreme Court of the United States Justice John Paul Stevens, ' An example of " junk science " that should be excluded under the Daubert standard as too unreliable would be the testimony of a phrenologist who would purport to prove a defendant ’ s future dangerousness based on the contours of the defendant ’ s skull.

Berry took science and music classes at UCLA, and entered the California College of Medicine ( now the UC Irvine School of Medicine ) in 1963.

In January 1963, he entered the Air Force Institute of Technology ( AFIT ) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio to work on a master of science degree in reliability engineering.

He entered the University of Poitiers in order to study law but he was interested also in theology, history, and science and political science.

Around the time of the construction of its predecessor, the Shiva laser, laser fusion had entered the realm of " big science ".

Bionics entered the Webster dictionary in 1960 as " a science concerned with the application of data about the functioning of biological systems to the solution of engineering problems ".

After reading Gutzlaff's appeal for medical missionaries for China in 1834, he began saving money and in 1836 entered Anderson's College ( now University of Strathclyde ) in Glasgow, founded to bring science and technology to ordinary folk, and attended Greek and theology lectures at the University of Glasgow.

During the 1940s and 1950s, general semantics entered the idiom of science fiction, most notably through the works of A. E. van Vogt, The World of Null-A and its sequels, and Robert A. Heinlein, Gulf.

He entered the United States Military Academy, in 1943, and he graduated in 1946 with a bachelor of science degree and a commission as a second lieutenant.

Thereafter he entered in 1924 the Free Polish University in Warsaw where he spent three terms, studying political science.

In April 2001, Aronofsky entered negotiations with Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow to direct a then-untitled science fiction film, with Brad Pitt in the lead role.

Kokoschka entered secondary school at Realschule, where emphasis was placed on the study of modern subjects such as science and language.

Disch entered the field of science fiction at a turning point, as the pulp adventure stories of its older style began to be challenged by a more serious, adult, and often darker style.

He was left fatherless at an early age and educated under the care of his uncle, a Camaldolese monk, who first entered young Torricelli into a Jesuit College in 1624 to study mathematics and philosophy until 1626, when he sent Torricelli to Rome in 1627 to study science under the Benedictine Benedetto Castelli, professor of mathematics at the Collegio della Sapienza in Pisa.

An advocate of modern science and political teaching, rather than the strict classical education afforded by schools, he was dismissed from his post and entered the Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming.

The term shmoo has also entered the lexicon — used in defining highly technical concepts in no less than four separate fields of science.

He entered the University of Oklahoma in 1927, where he majored in political science, and won the National Oratorical Championship in 1928, winning an all expense paid trip to Europe.

Buddhism and science have increasingly been discussed as compatible, and Buddhism has entered into the science and religion dialogue.

In doing so science has unquestionably cleared up widespread misconceptions, removed extraneous and illusory sources of fear, and dispelled many undesirable popular superstitions.

* A. E. van Vogt, regarded as one of the most popular and complex science fiction writers during its " Golden Age "

Alfred Elton van Vogt ( April 26, 1912 – January 26, 2000 ) was a Canadian-born science fiction author regarded as one of the most popular and complex science fiction writers of the mid-twentieth century: the " Golden Age " of the genre.

Ann Druyan ( born June 13, 1949 ) is an American author and producer specializing in productions about cosmology and popular science.

In computer science, a popular notation for context-free grammars is Backus – Naur Form, or BNF.

Sagan is known for his popular science books and for the award-winning 1980 television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, which he narrated and co-wrote.

A number of respected monthly publications, including the popular science magazine " Наука и жизнь " (" Science and Life "), featured special columns, dedicated to optimization techniques for calculator programmers and updates on undocumented features for hackers, which grew into a whole esoteric science with many branches, known as " yeggogology " (" еггогология ").

The Nova became popular in science laboratories around the world, and eventually 50, 000 units were sold.

This Wöhler Myth, as historian of science Peter J. Ramberg called it, originated from a popular history of chemistry published in 1931, which, " ignoring all pretense of historical accuracy, turned Wöhler into a crusader who made attempt after attempt to synthesize a natural product that would refute vitalism and lift the veil of ignorance, until ' one afternoon the miracle happened '".

Feminist science fiction is evidenced in the globally popular mediums of comic books, manga, and graphic novels.

These educational science documentaries were popular favorites for showing in school science classrooms.

Certainly major contributors to computer science such as Edsger Dijkstra and Donald Knuth, as well as the inventors of popular software such as Linus Torvalds ( Linux ), and Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson ( the C programming language ) are likely to be included in any such list ; see also List of programmers.

In their book Trust Us, We're Experts ( 2001 ), they write that industries have launched multi-million-dollar campaigns to position certain theories as " junk science " in the popular mind, often failing to employ the scientific method themselves.

A popular science version of the book, entitled The Origins of Life: From the birth of life to the origin of language was published in 1999.

His Surgical Observations on the Constitutional Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases ( 1809 ) — known as " My Book ", from the great frequency with which he referred his patients to it, and to page 72 of it in particular, under that name — was one of the earliest popular works on medical science.

The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind was a successful work of popular science, selling out the first print run before a second could replace it.

* The popular science fiction universe of Star Wars uses a transport vehicle known as the Lambda-class shuttle that when viewed forward has the shape of the lowercase lambda.

Such fantasy settings for MUDs are common, while many others have science fiction settings or are based on popular books, movies, animations, periods of history, and so on.

They were especially popular with science fiction fans, who used them extensively in the production of fanzines in the middle 20th century, before photocopying became inexpensive.

Escher has had a continuous influence in science and art, as well as being referenced in popular culture.

He wrote a popular science book about these matters, The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex.