Anglican clergy who join the Orthodox Church are reordained ; but Orthodox Churches hold that if Anglicanism and Orthodoxy were to reach full unity in the faith, perhaps such reordination might not be found necessary.

Some Protestants feel that such claims of apostolic succession are proven false by the differences in traditions and doctrines between these churches: Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox consider both the Church of the East and the Oriental Orthodox churches to be heretical, having been anathematized in the early ecumenical councils of Ephesus ( 431 ) and Chalcedon ( 451 ) respectively.

The Catholic and Orthodox Churches consider invalid as a sacrament the administration of Anointing of the Sick by such chaplains, who in the eyes of those Churches are not validly ordained priests.

The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox receive several additional books in to their canons based upon their presence in manuscripts of the ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, the Septuagint ( although some of these books, such as Sirach and Tobit, are now known to be extant in Hebrew or Aramaic originals, being found amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls ).

* They hold that the practice within Independent groups of ordaining women demonstrates an understanding of Priesthood that they vindicate is totally unacceptable to the Catholic and Orthodox churches as they believe that the Universal Church does not possess such authority ; thus, they uphold that any ceremonies performed by these women should be considered being sacramentally invalid.

One way was greater cooperation between groups, such as the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of Protestants in 1910, the Justice, Peace and Creation Commission of the World Council of Churches founded in 1948 by Protestant and Orthodox churches, and similar national councils like the National Council of Churches in Australia which includes Roman Catholics.

Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism do not believe in Purgatory as such, though the Orthodox Church is willing to allow for a period of continued sanctification ( the process of being made pure, or holy ) after death.

For instance, if two men and a woman were to eat a meal together, a Conservative Jew would believe that the presence of three adult Jews would obligate the group to say a communal form of the Grace After Meals, while an Orthodox Jew would believe that, lacking three adult Jewish males, the group would not be able to do such.

As such, it is recognized as infallible in its dogmatic definitions by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches ( then one church ).

Denominations that oppose homosexuality include the Roman Catholic Church the Eastern Orthodox churches and some mainline Protestant denominations, such as the Methodist churches, Reformed Church in America the American Baptist Church, as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance, the Presbyterian Church in America and the Southern Baptist Convention.

All Orthodox jurisdictions, such as the Orthodox Church in America, have taken the approach of welcoming people with " homosexual feelings and emotions ," while encouraging them to work towards " overcoming its harmful effects in their lives ," while not allowing the sacraments to people who seek to justify homosexual activity.

Some Christian denominations ( such as Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox ), include a number of books that are not in the Hebrew Bible ( the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books or Anagignoskomena, see Development of the Old Testament canon ) in their biblical canon that are not in today's Jewish canon, although they were included in the Septuagint.

For some Christians, such as Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians, this New Covenant includes authoritative Sacred Traditions and Canon law.

Other Christian churches also laying claim to the description " Catholic " include the Eastern Orthodox Church and those churches possessing the historic episcopate ( bishops ), such as those of the Anglican Communion.

It is also used for other ceremonies on special occasions, such as the Holy Saturday ceremony of the Holy Fire celebrated by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem.

Other theologians also, notably those of the Eastern Orthodox Church, dispute the notion that such ordinations have effect, a notion that opens up the possibility of valid but irregular consecrations proliferating outside the structures of the " official " denominations.

For Orthodox no further council would therefore be needed until such time as a major crises arose within the church.

Many Protestants ( especially those belonging to the magisterial traditions, such as Lutherans, or those such as Methodists, that broke away from the Anglican Communion ) accept the teachings of the first seven councils but do not ascribe to the councils themselves the same authority as Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox do.

The ancient Churches, such as the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox exclude non-members from Communion under normal circumstances, though the Catholics may allow exceptions, e. g., for non-members in danger of death who share their faith in the reality of the Eucharist and who are unable to have access to a minister of their own community.

In the Eastern Orthodox Philokalia it was emphasized that such knowledge is not secret knowledge but rather a maturing, transcendent form of knowledge derived from contemplation ( theoria resulting from practice of hesychasm ), since knowledge cannot truly be derived from knowledge but rather knowledge can only be derived from theoria ( to witness, see ( vision ) or experience ).

Although there is no reference to reincarnation in the Talmud or any prior writings, according to rabbis such as Rabbi Avraham Arieh Trugman, reincarnation is recognized as being part and parcel of Jewish tradition.

On a Sabbath in September, 1304, the letter was to be read before the congregation, when Jacob Machir Don Profiat Tibbon, the renowned astronomical and mathematical writer, entered his protest against such unlawful interference by the Barcelona rabbis, and a schism ensued.

Many smaller programs, such as Rabbi Benay Lappe's SVARA yeshiva, are also led by Conservative rabbis.

Because Judaism focuses on this life, many questions to do with survival and conflict ( such as the classic moral dilemma of two people in a desert with only enough water for one to survive ) were analysed in great depth by the rabbis within the Talmud, in the attempt to understand the principles a godly person should draw upon in such a circumstance.

Therefore, some violations like suicide would be punished by separation from the community, such as not being buried in a Jewish cemetery ( in practice, rabbis often rule suicides to be mentally incompetent and thus not responsible for their actions ).

As far as we know, the Vilna Gaon is the only Rabbi who has actually claimed that he tried to create a Golem ; all such stories about other rabbis were told after their time.

Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism hold that halakha ( Jewish law ) is no longer binding, and rabbis in those movements follow their individual consciences on such matters ; some uphold the traditional prohibitions and some permit weddings on these days.

Although there is no direct textual prohibition of homosexual acts between women ( lesbianism ) anywhere in the Torah, such behavior is widely viewed as forbidden by most rabbis.

As such, most Conservative rabbis outside the USA are exercising their authority as local rabbinic authorities ( mara d ' atra ) to reject the more liberal responsa.

As such, they do not prohibit ordination of gays and lesbians as rabbis and cantors.

" Many classical rabbis, especially Maimonides, viewed all such beliefs as a violation of Judaic principles of faith.

Although some rabbis since the Shabbetai Tzvi debacle still maintain that one should be married and forty years old in order to study Kabbalah, since the time of Baal Shem Tov there has been relaxation of such stringency, and many maintain that it is sufficient to be married and knowledgeable in halakhah and hence permitted to study Kabbalah and by inclusion, Tikunei haZohar ; and some rabbis will advise learning Kabbalah without restrictions of marriage or age.

As such, they do not prohibit ordination of gays and lesbians as rabbis and cantors.

Kohanim, who must avoid contact with dead human body parts ( such as the removed foreskin ) for ritual purity, cannot act as mohels, but some mohels are also either rabbis or cantors.

The curriculum for obtaining semicha (" ordination ") as rabbis for Haredi and Hasidic scholars is the same as described above for all Orthodox students wishing to obtain the official title of " Rabbi " and to be recognized as such.

Some yeshivas, such as Yeshiva Chofetz Chaim ( in New York ) and Yeshiva Ner Yisrael ( in Baltimore, Maryland ), may encourage their students to obtain semicha and mostly serve as rabbis who teach in other yeshivas or Hebrew day schools.

Other yeshivas, such as Yeshiva Chaim Berlin ( Brooklyn, New York ) or the Mirrer Yeshiva ( in Brooklyn and Jerusalem ), do not have an official " semicha / rabbinical program " to train rabbis, but provide semicha on an " as needs " basis if and when one of their senior students is offered a rabbinical position but only with the approval of their rosh yeshivas.

In Orthodox Judaism, women cannot become rabbis, although there is no prohibition against women learning halakhah that pertains to them, nor is it any more problematic for a woman to rule on such issues than it is for any lay person to do so.

There were some rare cases of women acting as rabbis in earlier centuries, such as the 17th century Asenath Barzani, who acted as a rabbi among Kurdish Jews.

A small number of modern Orthodox rabbis cooperate with non-Orthodox rabbis on a regular basis through smaller organizations such as CLAL ( The National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership ) and the New York Board of Rabbis.

Thus the Conservative movement recognizes the right of Jews to form such denominations, and recognizes their clergy as rabbis, but does not generally accept their decisions as valid.

" Thus, in debating and disagreeing over the meaning of the Torah or how best to put it into practice, no rabbi felt that he ( or his opponent ) were in some way rejecting God or threatening Judaism ; on the contrary, it was precisely through such arguments that the rabbis imitated and honored God.