The breakup of the Holy Roman Empire and the downfall of feudalism led, not more than two centuries ago, to the surge of nationalism.

Representing as it did the efforts of only unauthorized individuals of the Roman and Anglican Churches, and urging a communion of prayer unacceptable to Rome, this association produced little fruit, and, in fact, was condemned by the Holy Office in 1864.

* 1632 – Maria Leopoldine of Austria, Holy Roman Empire Empress ( d. 1649 )

* 1632 – Battle of Rain: Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years ' War.

* 1806 – Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates ending the Holy Roman Empire.

* 1697 – Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor ( d. 1745 )

Francis I of France recognizes Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, recognizes Francis's claim to Milan.

* 1645 – Thirty Years ' War: the Second Battle of Nördlingen sees French forces defeating those of the Holy Roman Empire.

Until the dissolution of Holy Roman Empire and mediatization of smaller imperial fiefs by Napoleon, the evangelical Abbess of Quedlinburg was also per officio the head of that reichsunmittelbar state.

* 1521 – Martin Luther's first appearance before the Diet of Worms to be examined by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the other estates of the empire.

* 982 – Holy Roman Emperor Otto II is defeated by the Saracens in the battle of Capo Colonna, in Calabria

Following the treaty of Verdun of 843, Alemannia became a province of the eastern kingdom of Louis the German, the precursor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Over the next 500 years, most kings of Germany destined to reign over the Holy Roman Empire were crowned in Aachen.

* 1111 – Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

At Christmas 1196, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI attempted to force Alexios III to pay him a tribute of 5, 000 pounds ( later negotiated down to 1, 600 pounds ) of gold or face invasion.

After his education, Alexei married, albeit greatly against his will Princess Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, whose family was connected by marriage to many of the great families of Europe i. e., Charlotte's sister Elizabeth was married to Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy.

* 1619 – Ferdinand II is elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Absalon's main political goal was to free Denmark from entanglements with the Holy Roman Empire.

However, during the schism between Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV, Absalon stayed loyal to Valdemar even as he joined the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barberossa in supporting Victor IV.

Absalon kept his hostile attitude to the Holy Roman Empire.

This provision was repealed in 1716, at the request of George I, who was also the Elector of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg of the Holy Roman Empire, and so frequently needed and wanted to stay in Hanover.

* 1675 – Franco-Dutch War: forces of the Holy Roman Empire defeat the French in the Battle of Konzer Brücke.

Category: Holy Roman Emperors

The draining of the lake was revisited many times in history, including by Emperors Trajan and Hadrian, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in the Middle Ages.

The Holy Roman Emperors had a hand in choosing the pontiff.

It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors and has been interpreted as containing within itself the germ of nation-based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia ( 1648 ); in part this was an unforeseen result of strategic maneuvering between the Church and the European sovereigns over political control within their domains.

Previous Holy Roman Emperors had thought it their right, granted by God, to name the Pope, as well as other Church officials, such as bishops.

The Holy Roman Emperors of Ottonian Dynasty, when they came to the throne, believed they should have the power to appoint the pope.

He named his own pope Antipope Clement III in the old manner of the Holy Roman Emperors.

1356 Charles IV issued his Golden Bull-regulating the election of Holy Roman Emperors.

# The endorsement by the popes and the church of the line of emperors beginning with the Emperors Constantine and Theodosius, later the Eastern Roman emperors, and finally the Western Roman emperor, Charlemagne and his successors, the Catholic Holy Roman Emperors.

Spanning six decades, Eugene served three Holy Roman Emperors: Leopold I, Joseph I, and Charles VI.

The first seven councils were called by the Byzantine Emperors and the sixteenth by the future Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund.

Some empires, such as the Holy Roman Empire and the Russian Empire, derived their office from the authority of the Roman Emperors ( translatio imperii ).

The importance and meaning of coronation ceremonies and regalia also varied within the tradition: for instance Holy Roman Emperors could only be crowned emperor by the pope, which meant the coronation ceremony usually took place in Rome, often several years after these emperors had ascended to the throne ( as " king ") in their home country.

The Roman of the Emperor's title was a reflection of the translatio imperii ( transfer of rule ) principle that regarded the Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480.

The Ottomans insisted on this elevated style while refusing to recognize the Holy Roman Emperors or the Russian tsars because of their rival claims of the Roman crown.

Because of political necessity, the Holy Roman Emperors were restrained from directly naming bishops in the kingdom.

After the dissolution of the so-called Stem duchy of Franconia, the Holy Roman Emperors created the Franconian Circle ( German Fränkischer Reichskreis ) in 1500 to embrace the principalities that grew out of the eastern half of the former duchy.

Three members of the dynasty were crowned Holy Roman Emperors.

Category: Holy Roman Emperors

The House of Habsburg (; ), also Hapsburg, and also known as House of Austria is one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian Empire and Spanish Empire and several other countries.

* Holy Roman Emperors

Count Frederick III of Zollern was a loyal retainer of the Holy Roman Emperors Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI, and around 1185 he married Sophia of Raabs, the daughter of Conrad II, Burgrave of Nuremberg.

The kingdom was soon increasingly dominated by the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa, as well as the imperial ambitions of the Holy Roman Emperors.

The Luxembourgish dynasty provided several Holy Roman Emperors, Kings of Bohemia, and Archbishops of Trier and Mainz.