Another calculation is made of the angle of incidence of light rays from the light source ( s ), and from these as well as the specified intensities of the light sources, the value of the pixel is calculated.

In a final, production quality rendering of a ray traced work, multiple rays are generally shot for each pixel, and traced not just to the first object of intersection, but rather, through a number of sequential ' bounces ', using the known laws of optics such as " angle of incidence equals angle of reflection " and more advanced laws that deal with refraction and surface roughness.

* is the angle of incidence at which the minimum intensity occurs, and

The beam energy is typically in the range 8 – 20 keV and the angle of incidence is 1 – 4 °.

When moving from a denser medium into a less dense one ( i. e., n < sub > 1 </ sub > > n < sub > 2 </ sub >), above an incidence angle known as the critical angle, all light is reflected and R < sub > s </ sub > = R < sub > p </ sub > = 1.

The maximum angle of incidence is referred to as the critical angle.

Internal reflections can escape through other crystalline faces, if the incidence angle is low enough and the crystal is sufficiently transparent to not re-absorb the photon emission.

The third feature helps to boost the light emission from the semiconductor by acting as a diffusing lens, allowing light to be emitted at a much higher angle of incidence from the light cone than the bare chip is able to emit alone.

A beam of light reflects off a mirror at an angle of reflection equal to its angle of incidence ( if the size of a mirror is much larger than the wavelength of light ).

That is, if the beam of light is shining on a mirror's surface at a ° angle vertically, then it reflects from the point of incidence at a ° angle from vertically in the opposite direction.

He summarised much of Euclid and went on to describe a way to measure the angle of refraction, though he failed to notice the empirical relationship between it and the angle of incidence.

: The law of reflection says that the reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence, and the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.

: The law of refraction says that the refracted ray lies in the plane of incidence, and the sine of the angle of refraction divided by the sine of the angle of incidence is a constant.

The interval O ' O ", termed the astigmatic difference, increases, in general, with the angle W made by the principal ray OP with the axis of the system, i. e. with the field of view.

This is not mandatory, but it increases the grade of execution of the element if each leg is separated by at least a 45 ° angle from the body axis.

If the position angle of the body's Prime Meridian increases with time, the body has a direct ( or prograde ) rotation ; otherwise the rotation is said to be retrograde.

A symmetrical airfoil will generate zero lift at zero angle of attack, but as the angle of attack increases, the air is deflected through a larger angle.

Sidereal hour angle, used in celestial navigation, is similar to right ascension, but increases westward rather than eastward.

The power transmitted by an AC line increases as the phase angle between source end voltage and destination ends increases, but too great a phase angle will allow the generators at either end of the line to fall out of step.

where θ is the angle between the vectors Ω < sub > P </ sub > and L. Thus, if the gyroscope's spin slows down ( for example, due to friction ), its angular momentum decreases and so the rate of precession increases.

A planar source radiates sound uniformly for low frequencies wavelengths longer than the dimensions of the planar source, and as frequency increases, the sound from such a source focuses into an increasingly narrower angle.

The planes of vibration of the two halteres are orthogonal to each other, each forming an angle of about 45 degrees with the axis of the insect ; this increases the amount of information gained from the halteres.

As the angle of attack increases, the leading edge of the wing generates a vortex which smooths the airflow, giving the delta a very high stall angle at the cost of high induced drag which allows a larger range in speed than a conventional wing intended for high speed flight.

As the angle relative to horizontal increases, so does the surface area hit by the beam of electrons and therefore the strength of the detected signal increases.

But when the incidence of human triggered avalanches are normalized by the rates of recreational use hazard increases uniformly with slope angle, and no significant difference in hazard for a given exposure direction can be found.

In fluid dynamics, a stall is a reduction in the lift coefficient generated by a foil as angle of attack increases.

Stalls in fixed-wing flight are often experienced as a sudden reduction in lift as the pilot increases angle of attack and exceeds the critical angle of attack ( which may be due to slowing down below stall speed in level flight ).

A stall is a condition in aerodynamics and aviation wherein the angle of attack increases beyond a certain point such that the lift begins to decrease.

As angle of attack increases, the separated regions on the top of the wing increase in size and hinder the wing's ability to create lift.

Here N < sub > x </ sub > is the number of x atoms per volume, λ the electron escape depth, θ the analyzer angle, T the transmission of the analyzer, I ( t ) the electron excitation flux at depth t, dΩ the solid angle, and δt is the thickness of the layer being probed.

For a given mirror ratio ( the maximum field strength divided by the minimum field strength ), particles with a pitch angle ( angle between the particle velocity and the magnetic field ) greater than a critical value will be reflected, those with a smaller pitch angle will escape.

Gemstones with higher refractive indexes generally make more desirable gemstones, the critical angle decreases as refractive indices increase, allowing for greater internal reflections as the light is less likely to escape.

Almost immediately another tooth on the escape wheel would start to slide up the angle face on the other arm thereby lifting the arm.

An overly shallow entry angle will result in the spacecraft retaining too much of its velocity, possibly escaping into space permanently if this is more than escape velocity.

In late 19th century, in Britain, the usual design was a 90 ° angle between the pallets, which meant locating the anchor pivot a distance of √ 2 ≈ 1. 4 times the escape wheel diameter from the escape wheel pivot.

The worst case is a muzzle that is cut at a non-square angle, so that one side of the bullet leaves the barrel early ; this will cause the gas to escape in an asymmetric pattern, and will push the bullet away from that side, causing shots to form a " string ", where the shots cluster along a line rather than forming a normal Gaussian pattern.

From the release from the entrance pallet to this point, the escape wheel will have turned through exactly one half of the 24 degree angle between two teeth.

What, however, could not escape notice from any angle was his infinite propensity to borrow money, which age could not wither nor — more surprisingly — custom stale.

This aligns every blade in a spherical formation around his opponent, which then collapses into them from every possible angle, leaving no blind spots and no chance to escape.

In analytic geometry, geometric notions such as distance and angle measure are defined using formulas.

After March it began to pass northwards, a motion quite apparent by the middle of April ; in June it passed at the same distance from the zenith as it did in December ; and in September it passed through its most northerly position, the extreme range from north to south, i. e. the angle between the March and September positions, being 40 ″.

This distance replaces the angle u in the preceding considerations ; and the aperture, i. e. the radius of the entrance pupil, is its maximum value.

6 ) at a finite distance from the axis ( or with an infinitely distant object, a point which subtends a finite angle at the system ) is, in general, even then not sharply reproduced, if the pencil of rays issuing from it and traversing the system is made infinitely narrow by reducing the aperture stop ; such a pencil consists of the rays which can pass from the object point through the now infinitely small entrance pupil.

where m and n are nonnegative integers with, is the azimuthal angle in radians, and is the normalized radial distance.

When the “ same picture ” is taken in two different format sizes from the same distance at the same f-number with lenses that give the same angle of view, and the final images ( e. g., in prints, or on a projection screen or electronic display ) are the same size,

If extension is executed properly the discus will be at the right angle to ride on the air current and thus be taken a farther distance.

Euclidean geometry has two fundamental types of measurements: angle and distance.

Note that congruences alter some properties, such as location and orientation, but leave others unchanged, like distance and angle s. The latter sort of properties are called invariant ( mathematics ) | invariant s and studying them is the essence of geometry.

The notions of angle and distance become primitive concepts.

One way to think of the Euclidean plane is as a set of points satisfying certain relationships, expressible in terms of distance and angle.

In order to make all of this mathematically precise, one must clearly define the notions of distance, angle, translation, and rotation.

* the inner product implies notions of angle and distance, which can be used to define rotation.

Diffeomorphism does not respect distance and angle, so these key concepts of Euclidean geometry are lost on a smooth manifold.

Such a space enjoys notions of distance and angle, but they behave in a curved, non-Euclidean manner.

* Local topocentric coordinates are azimuth ( direction angle within the plane of the horizon ) and elevation angle ( or zenith angle ) and distance.

So the parameters are: a — distance from center C to either vertex b — length of a perpendicular segment from each vertex to the asymptotes c — distance from center C to either Focus point, F < sub > 1 </ sub > and F < sub > 2 </ sub >, and θ — angle formed by each asymptote with the transverse axis.

In angular mechanics, torque is analogous to the Newtonian mechanics parameter of force, moment of inertia to mass, and angle to distance.

In film, a medium shot is a camera angle shot from a medium distance.

Other metric spaces occur for example in elliptic geometry and hyperbolic geometry, where distance on a sphere measured by angle is a metric, and the hyperboloid model of hyperbolic geometry is used by special relativity as a metric space of velocities.

Time would be replaced by a suitable coordinate parameterizing the unitary group ( for instance, a rotation angle, or a translation distance ) and the Hamiltonian would be replaced by the conserved quantity associated to the symmetry ( for instance, angular or linear momentum ).

Let the line of symmetry intersect the parabola at point Q, and denote the focus as point F and its distance from point Q as f. Let the perpendicular to the line of symmetry, through the focus, intersect the parabola at a point T. Then ( 1 ) the distance from F to T is 2f, and ( 2 ) a tangent to the parabola at point T intersects the line of symmetry at a 45 ° angle.