In organic chemistry, in addition to oxidation, reduction or acid-base reactions, a number of other reactions can take place which involve covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms ( such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, etc .).

Compression fossils, such as those of fossil ferns, are the result of chemical reduction of the complex organic molecules composing the organism's tissues.

The Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants is an agreement to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects.

In organic synthesis, sodium is used in various reactions such as the Birch reduction, and the sodium fusion test is conducted to qualitatively analyse compounds.

The Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes is an agreement to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects.

The mineral and organic components are considered a constant while the percentages of water and air are the only variable parameters where the increase in one is balanced by the reduction in the other.

They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic sources, and are facultative anaerobes.

Swift concluded that “ suspended inorganic sediments and phytoplanktonic algae both contribute significantly to the reduction in clarity, and that suspended particulate matter, rather than dissolved organic matter, are the dominant causes of clarity loss .” The largest source of fine sediment particles to Lake Tahoe is urban stormwater runoff, comprising 72 percent of the total fine sediment particle load.

Oxidation and reduction reactions are not common in organic chemistry as few organic molecules can act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

Thermal depolymerization ( TDP ) is a depolymerization process using hydrous pyrolysis for the reduction of complex organic materials ( usually waste products of various sorts, often biomass and plastic ) into light crude oil.

The longer a field is cropped, the greater the loss of soil organic matter, the reduction in the cation-exchange-capacity and in nitrogen and phosphorus, the greater the increase in acidity, the more likely soil porosity and infiltration capacity is reduced and the greater the loss of seeds of naturally occurring plant species from soil seed banks.

Some were used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores, others have some organic residues associated with food, and still others were employed as funerary urns.

In terms of transportation, the net result would be a 27 % total reduction in emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, a 31 % total reduction in nitrogen oxides, a slight reduction in nitrous oxide emissions, an increase in particulate matter emissions, the same sulfur dioxide emissions, and the near elimination of carbon monoxide and volatile organic compound emissions ( a 98 % decrease in carbon monoxide and a 93 % decrease in volatile organic compounds ).

Their approach to living, based largely on the reduction of wants and a mostly non-monetary return from their organic horticulture and other sorts of labor, appealed to many people.

In this particular concept the sulfonyl groups can be removed by organic reduction with naphthalene ( 7 ), lithium metal and methanol to the free polyamine 8.

step 1: cycloheptatriene 2 + 2 cycloaddition with dichloro ketene step 2: diazomethane insertion reaction step 3: dehydrohalogenation reaction with dimethylformamide | DMF step 4: Luche reduction to alcohol with sodium borohydride step 5: elimination reaction with Burgess reagent step 6: organic oxidation | oxidation with p-chloranil step 7: dehalogenation with PMHS, palladium ( II ) acetate, potassium phosphate and the DPDB ligand

In biology, carbon fixation is the reduction of inorganic carbon ( carbon dioxide ) to organic compounds by living organisms.

The latter is unstable due to the presence of a lactone group and therefore this group is replaced by an acetal through organic reduction with potassium borohydride and methoxylation:

Ethers () are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups — of general formula R – O – R '.

Methyl is the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry term for an alkane ( or alkyl ) molecule, using the prefix " meth -" to indicate the presence of a single carbon.

* Kochi reaction, an organic reaction for the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids to alkyl halides

Waxes are organic compounds that characteristically consist of long alkyl chains.

Borate esters are organic compounds of the type B ( OR )< sub > 3 </ sub > where R is an organic residue ( for example alkyl or aryl ).

The hydrogen atoms in the ammonium ion can be substituted with an alkyl group or some other organic group to form a substituted ammonium ion ( IUPAC nomenclature ": aminium ion ).

Haloalkanes are widely used as synthon equivalents to alkyl cation ( R +) in organic synthesis.

They have the formula RS where R is an organic substituent such as alkyl or aryl.

Ethyl is the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry term for an alkane ( or alkyl ) molecule, using the prefix " eth -" to indicate the presence of two carbon atoms in the molecule.

It is synthesized in the haloform reaction by the reaction of iodine and sodium hydroxide with any one of these four kinds of organic compounds: ( i ) a methyl ketone: CH < sub > 3 </ sub > COR, acetaldehyde ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub > CHO ), ethanol ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub > CH < sub > 2 </ sub > OH ), and certain secondary alcohols ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub > CHROH, where R is an alkyl or aryl group ).

The electrophiles frequently seen in the organic syntheses are cations such as H < sup >+</ sup > and NO < sup >+</ sup >, polarized neutral molecules such as HCl, alkyl halides, acyl halides, and carbonyl compounds, polarizable neutral molecules such as Cl < sub > 2 </ sub > and Br < sub > 2 </ sub >, oxidizing agents such as organic peracids, chemical species that do not satisfy the octet rule such as carbenes and radicals, and some lewis acids such as BH < sub > 3 </ sub > and DIBAL.

Alkylating agents are widely used in chemistry because the alkyl group is probably the most common group encountered in organic molecules.

The Wurtz reaction, where two alkyl halides are treated with sodium to form a new carbon − carbon bond, is no longer considered synthetically useful, although the Aldol reaction that Wurtz discovered in 1872 has become a staple in organic synthesis.

A carbanion is a reactive intermediate and is encountered in organic chemistry for instance in the E1cB elimination reaction and in organometallic chemistry in for instance a Grignard reaction or in alkyl lithium chemistry.

A classic organic reaction for the preparation of sulfonates is that of alkyl halides with sulfites such as sodium sulfite, first described by Adolph Strecker in 1868 ( Strecker sulfite alkylation ).

In organic chemistry, propyl is a linear three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula-C < sub > 3 </ sub > H < sub > 7 </ sub >.

An ester is a product of the reaction of an acid ( usually organic ) and an alcohol ( the hydrogen of the acid R-COOH is replaced by an alkyl group R ").

In chemistry, it is used to distinguish between different functional groups connected to an atom in a molecule, such as R and R ′, representing different alkyl groups in an organic compound.

In organic chemistry, amyl is the old trivial name for the alkyl substituent and radical called pentyl under the IUPAC nomenclature: that is ,-C < sub > 5 </ sub > H < sub > 11 </ sub >.

In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl radical or substituent group with general chemical formula-C < sub > 4 </ sub > H < sub > 9 </ sub >, derived from either of the two isomers of butane.

He is well known by organic chemists for the Wurtz reaction, to form carbon-carbon bonds by reacting alkyl halides with sodium, and for his discoveries of ethylamine, ethylene glycol, and the aldol reaction.

The Appel reaction is an organic reaction that converts an alcohol into an alkyl chloride using triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride.

Non-silicate minerals are subdivided into several other classes by their dominant chemistry, which included native elements, sulfides, halides, oxides and hydroxides, carbonates and nitrates, borates, sulfates, phosphates, and organic compounds.

For organic compounds containing halides, the Beilstein test is used.

* Organic halides and organic acid halides such as acetyl chloride and benzyl chloroformate

* WS ( Water-Soluble )-usually based on inorganic or organic halides ; highly corrosive residues

Acyl halides are rather reactive compounds often synthesized to be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds.

Volatile acyl halides are lachrymatory because they can react with water at the surface of the eye producing hydrohalic and organic acids irritating to the eye.

* A method that is broadly applicable to organic synthesis is induced elimination of halides from gem-dihalides employing organolithium reagents.

First published in 1979 by Akira Suzuki, the Suzuki reaction couples boronic acids ( containing an organic substituent ) to halides.

When an organic compound is heated strongly with sodium, any halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur will be converted into inorganic sodium salts such as sodium halide ( for halides ), sodium cyanide ( for nitrogen ), sodium sulfide ( for sulfur ), and sodium thiocyanate ( for sulfur and nitrogen ). The nitrogen is confirmed with ferrous sulfate i. e. iron sulfate.

The Wurtz reaction, named after Charles-Adolphe Wurtz, is a coupling reaction in organic chemistry, organometallic chemistry and recently inorganic main group polymers, whereby two alkyl halides are reacted with sodium to form a new carbon-carbon bond:

The Hiyama-coupling is a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of organosilanes with organic halides used in organic chemistry to form carbon-carbon bonds ( C-C bonds ).

The Hiyama-Denmark coupling is the modification of the Hiyama-coupling that does not require a fluoride additive to utilize organosilanols and organic halides as coupling partners.

Electron rich organic molecules like tetrakis ( dimethylamino ) ethylene ( TDAE ) are effective reducing agents capable of generating the anion from alkyl halides such as 5-chloromethyl-6-nitrobenzodioxole :< ref >

In organic chemistry, this group is found in sulfones ( RSO < sub > 2 </ sub > R '), and sulfonyl halides ( RSO < sub > 2 </ sub > X ) where it is called the sulfonyl group.