* India: the half-brothers Asaṅga and Vasubandhu ; Sthiramati 安慧 and Dharmapāla護法

" Asaṅga correlates the sixteen stages ānāpānasmṛti with the four smṛtyupasthānas in the same way that the Ānāpānasmṛti Sutra does, but because he does not make this explicit the point was lost on later Tibetan commentators.

Asaṅga was born as the son of a Kshatriya father and Brahmin mother in Purushapura ( present day Peshawar in Pakistan ), which at that time was part of the ancient kingdom of Gandhāra.

In the record of his journeys through the kingdoms of India, Xuanzang wrote that Asaṅga was initially a Mahīśāsaka monk, but soon turned toward the Mahāyāna teachings.

Asaṅga had a half-brother, Vasubandhu, who was a monk from the Sarvāstivāda school.

Yogācāra, which had its genesis in the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra, was largely formulated by the brahmin born half-brothers Vasubandhu and Asaṅga ( who was said to be inspired by the quasihistorical Maitreya-nātha, or the divine Maitreya ).

270-350 CE ) is a name whose use was pioneered by Buddhist scholars Erich Frauwallner, Giuseppe Tucci, and Hakuju Ui to distinguish one of the three founders of the Yogācāra school of Buddhist philosophy, along with Asaṅga and Vasubandhu.

In particular, he thought that a complete version of the Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra, an encyclopedic description of the stages of the Yogācāra path to Buddhahood written by Asaṅga, would resolve all the conflicts.

Authorship of critical Yogācāra texts is also ascribed to Asaṅga personally ( in contrast to the Five Treatises of Maitreya ).

In particular, he thought that a complete version of the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra, an encyclopedic description of the stages of the Yogācāra path to Buddhahood written by Asaṅga, would resolve all the conflicts.

Asaṅga spent many years in intense meditation, during which time tradition says that he often visited Tuṣita Heaven to receive teachings from Maitreya Bodhisattva.

It seems at least possible that both Vasubandhu and Asaṅga presented their respective versions of such a method, analogous to but different from modern Theravāda insight meditation, and that Gelukpa scholars were unable to reconstruct it in the absence of a practice tradition because of the great difference between this type of inductive meditative reasoning based on observation and the types of meditative reasoning using consequences ( thal ' gyur, prasaanga ) or syllogisms ( sbyor ba, prayoga ) with which Gelukpas were familiar.

Asaṅga is said to have spent many years in intense meditation, during which time tradition says that he often visited Tuṣita Heaven to receive teachings from the bodhisattva Maitreya.

He writes that the three layers of the mind ( citta, manas, and vijñana ) as presented by Asaṅga are also mentioned in the Pāli Canon:

He writes that the three layers of the mind ( citta, manas, and vijñana ) as presented by Asaṅga are also mentioned in the Pāli Canon:

Yogacārins base their views on texts from Maitreya, Asaṅga and Vasubandhu, Madhyamakas on Nāgārjuna and Āryadeva.

Japan ese wood statue of Asaṅga from 1208 CE.

Vasubandhu is said to have taken up Mahāyāna Buddhism after meeting with Asaṅga and one of Asaṅga's disciples.

Among the many Buddhist lineages he studied, practiced and transmitted the three main lineages were the Lineage of the Profound Action transmitted by Maitreya / Asaṅga, Vasubandhu, the Lineage of Profound View transmitted by Manjushri / Nagarjuna, Chandrakirti, and the Lineage of Profound Experience transmitted by Vajradhara / Tilopa, Naropa.

According to some interpretations, Vasubandhu and Asaṅga in particular did not.

These texts are said to have been related to Asaṅga by the Bodhisattva Maitreya, though Maitreya may have been the actual founder of the Yogacra-school.

In the 4th century Mahāyāna abhidharma work Abhidharmasamuccaya, Asaṅga describes those who follow the Śrāvaka Vehicle ( Skt.

These wisdom sutras were taken by Maitreya and Asaṅga as the starting point for their encyclopaedic work, the Ornament of clear realizations ( Abhisamayālaṃkāra ) in which they emphasised the hidden meanings of the sutras.

Tibet an depiction of Asaṅga receiving teachings from Bodhisattva Maitreya in Tuṣita Heaven.

Scholars are divided in opinion whether the name denotes a historical human teacher of Asaṅga or the bodhisattva Maitreya.

The Buddhist traditions themselves have always held that Asaṅga received the texts in question from Bodhisattva Maitreya directly in Tuṣita heaven.

* Distinguishing the Middle and the Extremes by Asaṅga, Commentary by Vasubandhu: Draft Translation with brief annotations.

In the 4th century Mahāyāna abhidharma work Abhidharmasamuccaya, Asaṅga refers to the collection which contains the āgamas as the Śrāvakapiṭaka, and associates it with the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas.

Asaṅga classifies the Mahāyāna sūtras as belonging to the Bodhisattvapiṭaka, which is designated as the collection of teachings for bodhisattvas.

* Cārvāka ( Sanskrit: च ा र ् व ा क ) ( atheist ) philosophy.

The end of this cycle is called " Mukti " ( Sanskrit: म ु क ् त ि) and merging finally with God is " Moksha " ( Sanskrit: म ो क ् ष ) or salvation.

Gautama Buddha or Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha ( Sanskrit: स ि द ् ध ा र ् थ ग ौ तम ब ु द ् ध ; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama ) was a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent,

Its name derives from the Sanskrit word for " wheel " or " turning " ( चक ् र ं, pronounced in Hindi ; Pali: cakka चक ् क, Oriya: ଚକ ୍ ର, Malayalam: ചക ് ര ം, Thai: จ ั กระ, Telugu: చక ్ రo, Tamil: சக ் கரம ், Kannada: ಚಕ ್ ರ, Chinese: 輪 / 轮, pinyin: lún,, Wylie: khor lo ).

From the Atharvaveda and in Classical Sanskrit, the stem is thematic, ( Devanāgarī: धर ् म ), and in Pāli, it takes the form dhamma.

Foundation of the Maurya Empire ( Sanskrit: म ौ र ् य र ा जव ं श, Maurya Rājavanśha ) which was geographically extensive and powerful empire in ancient India, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 321 to 185 BC. It was one of the world's largest empires in its time.

The Gupta Empire ( Sanskrit: ग ु प ् त र ा जव ं श, Gupta Rājavanśha ) was an Ancient Indian empire which existed approximately from 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian Subcontinent.

It is generally accepted among East Asian adherents that Guanyin originated as the Sanskrit Avalokiteśvara ( अवल ो क ि त े श ् वर ).

In the Shaivite tradition, the Shri Rudram ( Sanskrit श ् र ि र ु द ् रम ्), to which the Chamakam ( चमकम ्) is added by scriptural tradition, is a Hindu stotra dedicated to Rudra ( an epithet of Shiva ), taken from the Yajurveda ( TS 4. 5, 4. 7 ).

* Sanskrit Mitra ( म ि त ् र ः), found in the Rig Veda.

The name derives from the Sanskrit श ् र ी ल ं क ा śrī ( venerable ) and lankā ( island ), the name of the island in the ancient Indian epics Mahabharata and the Ramayana.

itself derived from Sanskrit शर ् कर ा śarkarā.

The word itself is from Sanskrit " Samudra ", ( सम ु द ् र ), meaning " gathering together of waters, sea or ocean ".

Sangha ( Pali: सन ् घ ; Sanskrit: स ं घ ; Wylie: ' dus sde ) is a word in Pali and Sanskrit meaning " association ", " assembly ," " company " or " community " and most commonly refers in Buddhism to the monastic community of ordained Buddhist monks or nuns.

The term " Sikh " has its origin in Sanskrit term श ि ष ् य (), meaning disciple, student, or श ि क ् ष () (" instruction ").

Turmeric is commonly called ' Halodhi ' in Assamese, Pasupu in Telugu, Kaha ( කහ ) in Sinhala, Manjal ( மஞ ் சள ் ) in Tamil literally meaning yellow color, Arisina ( ಅರ ಿ ಸ ಿ ಣ ) in Kannada, Haridra ( हर ि द ् र ) in Sanskrit, Haldi ( حلدی ) in Urdu and Haldar or Haldi ( हल ् द ी) in Hindi, Haladi ( ହଳଦ ୀ) in Oriya, ' Halud ( হল ু দ )' in Bengali Besar ( ब ॆ स ा र ) in Nepalese.