These alleged refugees claimed the ancestry of Sargon of Akkad ( whose dynasty died out some 15 centuries before the fall of Assyria ), they also contradictionally claimed ancestry from Nabopolassar, a Babylonian king of Chaldean extraction who played a major part in the destruction of the Assyrian Empire.

The first was the late 7th century Deuteronomistic reform of official Judean religion under king Josiah, who banned many elements of the old polytheistic cult from the Temple, and the sudden collapse of Assyria and the rise of Babylon to take its place ; the second was exile of the royal court, the priests and other members of the ruling elite following the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem c. 586 BCE.

Opium was also mentioned after the Persian conquest of Assyria and Babylonian lands in the sixth century BCE.

* 605 BC: Battle of Carchemish: Crown Prince Nebuchadrezzar of Babylon defeats the army of Necho II of Egypt, securing the Babylonian conquest of Assyria.

Babylonian territory was annexed by Assyria, and its kings were forced to pay tribute to Assyrian kings.

In 729 BC, Babylon was fully incorporated into the Assyrian Empire by Tiglath-Pileser III, who instead of allowing Babylonian kings to remain as vassals of Assyria as his predecessors had done for two hundred years, decided to rule directly himself.

By the second millennium BC, two variant forms of the language were in use in Assyria and Babylonia ( known as Assyrian and Babylonian respectively ).

* 605 BC — Battle of Carchemish: Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon defeats the army of Necho II of Egypt, securing the Babylonian conquest of Assyria.

The law of Assyria was derived from the Babylonian but conserved early features long after they had disappeared elsewhere.

Akkadian literature is the ancient literature written in the Akkadian language ( Assyrian and Babylonian languages ) written in Mesopotamia ( Assyria and Babylonia ) during the period spanning the Middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age ( roughly the 23rd to 6th centuries BC ).

The fourth century Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( 325 / 330 – after 391 ) said, “ From there ( Harran ) two different royal highways lead to Persia: the one on the left through Adiabene and over the Tigris ; the one on the right, through Assyria and across the Euphrates .” Not only did Harran have easy access to both the Assyrian and Babylonian roads, but also to north road to the Euphrates that provided easy access to Malatiyah and Asia Minor.

More details are known from the late 8th century BC, when the Elamites were allied with the Chaldean chieftain Merodach-baladan to defend the cause of Babylonian independence from Assyria.

Ezekiel wrote in the Babylonian exile and his vision, from which the images of the tetramorphs are derived, was influenced by the ancient art of Assyria.

Nob is mentioned later in the Bible in connection with Assyria attacking Israel ( Isaiah 10: 24, 32 ), and after the Babylonian Exile ( Nehemiah 11: 31, 32 ).

Necho had left Egypt in 609 BC for two reasons: one was to relieve the Babylonian siege of Harran, and the other was to help the king of Assyria, who was defeated by the Babylonians at Carchemish.

The Babylonian threat to the Kingdom of Judah began as the Babylonian Empire conquered Assyria and rose to power from 612-609 BCE.

He led the Babylonian populace in revolt against Assyria and King Sennacherib in 689 BC, with the support of Elam and King Humban-nimena ( which was attacked by the Babylonians and the Assyrians only years before ), at the Battle of Halule.

when he was appointed by his overlord King Ashurbanipal of Assyria after the latter had crushed the Babylonian rebellion by Kandalanu ’ s predecessor, Shamash-shum-ukin.

Nergal-ushezib, originally Shuzub, was a Babylonian nobleman who was installed as King of Babylon by the Elamites in 694 BC, after their capture of Babylon and deposition and murder of the previous king Ashur-nadin-shumi, son of King Sennacherib of Assyria.

Two notable examples are the Cylinder of Marduk-apla-iddina II, who seized the Babylonian throne in 722 / 1 BC, and the annals of Sargon II of Assyria, who conquered Babylon twelve years later.

He boasted that he was the “ defeater of the heroic armies of the Kassites ( their Babylonian neighbors to the south ), Qutu ( their eastern Gutean neighbors ), Lullumu ( the Lullubi tribesmen immediately east of Assyria ) and Shubaru (“ northerners ”).

In general, the art and architecture found at Pasargadae exemplified the Persian synthesis of various traditions, drawing on precedents from Elam, Babylon, Assyria, and ancient Egypt, with the addition of some Anatolian influences.

Art and architecture of Assyria | Assyrian reliefs

He also boasted of having subjugated the " four quarters " — the lands surrounding Akkad to the north ( Assyria ), the south ( Sumer ), the east ( Elam ) and the west ( Martu ).

Assyria was also sometimes known as Subartu, and after its fall, from 605 BC through to the late seventh century AD variously as Athura, Syria ( Greek ), Assyria ( Latin ) and Assuristan.

The term Assyria can also refer to the geographic region or heartland where Assyria, its empires and the Assyrian people were centred.

It is from this period that the later Syria Vs Assyria naming controversy arises, the Seleucids applied the name not only to Assyria itself, but also to the lands to the west ( Aram modern Syria ) which had been part of the Assyrian empire.

Additionally, the claimants to this ancestry also claim descendancy from Sargon of Akkad ( whose dynasty died out over 1500 years before the Assyrian dynasty fell ), and from Nabopolassar, who was a Chaldean, politically and militarily opposed to Assyria, and not in fact an Assyrian.

* Morris Jastrow, Jr., The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria: its remains, language, history, religion, commerce, law, art, and literature, London: Lippincott ( 1915 ) — a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries ; also available in layered PDF format

The latter then also lost a war with Assyria, losing more territory in the process.

Assyria descended into a series of brutal internal civil wars, Ashur-etil-ilani was deposed by one of his own generals, named Sin-shumu-lishir, who also set himself up as king in Babylon.

The stalemate ended in 616 BC, when Nabopolassar entered into alliance with Cyaxares, king of the Medes and Persians, ( who had also taken advantage of the anarchy in Assyria to free his peoples from the Assyrian yoke ) and also the Scythians and Cimmerians.

The letters are written in the official and diplomatic Akkadian language of Assyria and Babylonia, though " Canaanitish " words and idioms are also in evidence.

While the sixth poem refers to Assyria, it is uncertain whether it is an historical reference to the ancient Ninevah, or a prophecy, which religious commentators consider refers to the Seleucid kingdom of Syria, which also took the name Assyria.

Shebna also appears to have been the leader of the party who favored an alliance with Egypt against Assyria.

" Cook thinks that Menahem's tribute to Assyria in 2 Kings 15: 19 also suggests the existence of a rival to Menahem's kingdom:

** Nimrod, son of Cush, also identified as a mighty hunter before God, and the founder of ancient Babel, Akkad, Sumer, and possibly cities in Assyria.

He also first developed the link between Germany and ancient Assyria.

It reads: " Salmānu-ašarēd, great king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, son of Aššur-nāṣir-apli ( I ), king of Assyria, son of Šamši-adad ( IV ), who was also king of Assyria ".

The empire's breadbasket was the rain-fed agricultural system of northern Mesopotamia ( Assyria ) and a chain of fortresses was built to control the imperial wheat production.

This prosperity was built on trade in olive oil, wine, and possibly horses, with Egypt and especially Assyria providing the markets.

* The late 8th century BC siege system surrounding the site of Lachish ( Tell el-Duweir ) in Israel, built by Sennacherib of Assyria in 701 BC, is not only evident in the archaeological remains, but is described in Assyrian and biblical sources and in the reliefs of Sennacherib's palace in Nineveh.

Assyria n warship ( probably built by Phoenicians ) with two rows of oars, relief from Nineveh, ca.

Sir Walter Raleigh devoted several pages in his History of the World ( c. 1616 ) to reciting past scholarship regarding the question of whether it had been Nimrod or Ashur who built the cities in Assyria.

Beginning around 800 BC, the region became contested ground between Urartu, who built several forts on the territory of Mannea, and Assyria.

to the time of ancient Assyria, since it has always been a strategic place as it is built on the flat top of a mountain.

Ashur-dan II concentrated on rebuilding Assyria within its natural borders, from Tur Abdin to the foothills beyond Arbel, he built government offices in all provinces, and as an economic boost, provided ploughs throughout the land, which yielded record grain production.