Atmospheric Rossby waves emerge due to shear in rotating fluids, so that the Coriolis force changes along the sheared coordinate.

Atmospheric waves range in spatial and temporal scale from large-scale planetary waves ( Rossby waves ) to minute sound waves.

Atmospheric ducting is a mode of propagation of electromagnetic radiation, usually in the lower layers of Earth ’ s atmosphere, where the waves are bent by atmospheric refraction.

Atmospheric gravity waves as seen from space.

Sea-floor maps released by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 2007 revealed why Mavericks ' waves form where they do.

Atmospheric waves with periods which are harmonics of 1 solar day ( e. g. 24 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours ...

Atmospheric waves transport momentum, which is fed back into the background flow as the wave dissipates.

Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include Astrochemistry ( and Cosmochemistry ), Atmospheric chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Chemo-informatics, Electrochemistry, Environmental science, Forensic science, Geochemistry, Green chemistry, History of chemistry, Materials science, Medical science, Molecular Biology, Molecular genetics, Nanotechnology, Nuclear chemistry, Oenology, Organometallic chemistry, Petrochemistry, Pharmacology, Photochemistry, Phytochemistry, Polymer chemistry, Supramolecular chemistry and Surface chemistry.

Atmospheric pressures during the summer months are relatively uniform, whereas the winter months bring a succession of marked low pressure areas and accompanying cold fronts.

Atmospheric pressures are usually stated using kilopascal ( kPa ), or atmospheres ( atm ), except in American meteorology where the hectopascal ( hPa ) and millibar ( mbar ) are preferred.

Water levels for the Ohio River from Smithland Lock and Dam upstream to Pittsburgh are predicted daily by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Ohio River Forecast Center.

The water levels for the Ohio River from Smithland Lock and Dam to Cairo, Illinois, are predicted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center.

Atmospheric tides are both gravitational and thermal in origin and are the dominant dynamics from about, above which the molecular density becomes too low to support fluid behavior.

Atmospheric water generators are in development.

Research programs, including field projects such as the VORTEX projects ( Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment ), deployment of TOTO ( the TOtable Tornado Observatory ), Doppler On Wheels ( DOW ), and dozens of other programs, hope to solve many questions that still plague meteorologists .< ref name =" field programs history "> Universities, government agencies such as the National Severe Storms Laboratory, private-sector meteorologists, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research are some of the organizations very active in research ; with various sources of funding, both private and public, a chief entity being the National Science Foundation.

Radio blackouts caused by space weather are measured by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on a scale that goes from 1 ( minor ) to 5 ( extreme ).

* Atmospheric duct, a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals ( a ) are guided or ducted, ( b ) tend to follow the curvature of the Earth, and ( c ) experience less attenuation in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not present

Atmospheric lapse rate and convective depth are directly affected by both the mesoscale lake environment and the synoptic environment ; a deeper convective depth with increasingly steep lapse rates and a suitable moisture level will allow for thicker, taller lake effect precipitation clouds and naturally a much greater precipitation rate.

Atmospheric and fog attenuation, which are exponential in nature, limit practical range of FSO devices to several kilometres.

* Atmospheric water generators are used to make distilled water from air.

According to the World Meteorological Organization's Commission for Atmospheric Sciences ( Mclnturff, 1978 ): a stratospheric warming can be said to be major if 10 mb or below the latitudinal mean temperature increases poleward from 60 degree latitude and an associated circulation reversal is observed ( that is, the prevailing mean westerly winds poleward of 60 latitude are succeeded by mean easterlies in the same area ).

Atmospheric and oceanic GCMs ( AGCM and OGCM ) are key components of global climate models along with sea ice and land-surface components.

Atmospheric GHG levels are usually supplied as an input, though it is possible to include a carbon cycle model including land vegetation and oceanic processes to calculate GHG levels.

In the US, there are non-military, administrative, training and certification Corps for commissioned officers of the government's uniformed services, such as the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps.

According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research, " The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5. 1480 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1. 2 or 1. 5 kg depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used ; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate.

All standard airways are plotted on aeronautical charts, such as U. S. sectional charts, issued by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ).

Based on the Modified Coronas Climate Classification Scheme by the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration ( PAGASA ), Isabela City is classified under Type III zone, in which there are no pronounced maximum rain periods with short dry season lasting from 1 to 3 months.

The numbers of the Atlantic wolffish are rapidly being depleted apparently due to overfishing and bycatch, and is currently a Species of Concern according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Fisheries Service.

** Atmospheric pressure and winds

Atmospheric models calculate winds, heat transfer, radiation, relative humidity, and surface hydrology within each grid and evaluate interactions with neighboring points.

Atmospheric models calculate winds, heat transfer, radiation, relative humidity, and surface hydrology within each grid and evaluate interactions with neighboring points.

Atmospheric studies included monitoring of 3D temperature and pressure fields, global mapping of winds, variations of water and carbon monoxide in space and time, and the optical depth, phase function, size distribution, and chemical composition of aerosols.

As mentioned on Penn State's official SPIRIT website: " Atmospheric scientists have used Trimethyl Aluminum or TMA releases for decades as a tracer element of the neutral winds of the upper atmosphere.

Atmospheric conditions create a self-propagating tornadic firestorm with winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / hr ) and flames reaching 1, 000 feet ( 305 m ) in altitude, resulting in one of the most destructive air raids in history.

Atmospheric effects are much more important than tides in its circulation ; its weak currents generally follow the prevailing winds, and these winds can influence the water level by as much as a meter.

His first major recognition came with the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado ; his new stature led to his selection as chief architect for the John F. Kennedy Library in Massachusetts.

The Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, built with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, New York State and New York City, and named for its largest private donor, is a major new research institution at the Garden that opened in 2006.

Atmospheric instability is a major component of all weather systems on Earth.

A normal season as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) has 12. 1 named storms, of which 6. 4 reach hurricane strength, and 2. 7 become major hurricanes.

These major areas of study are Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences ( OAS ), Maritime Studies and Culture ( MSC ), and Marine Related Industries ( MRI ).

The Platteville Atmospheric Observatory located near Platteville, Colorado was one of the first major ionospheric heaters in the world.

The Cooperative Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Terrestrial Applications ( CIASTA ) formalizes a major collaborative relationship between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) and the Desert Research Institute ( DRI ).

The Cooperative Institute for Climate Applications and Research ( CICAR ) formalizes a major collaborative relationship between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) and Columbia University.

The Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research ( CICOR ) formalizes a major collaborative relationship between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ( OAR ) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ( WHOI ).

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) later issued its initial forecast, which predicted 13 to 17 named storms, 7 to 10 hurricanes and three to five major hurricanes.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) issued strong warnings about the risks posed by such drilling and in a 2009 letter, accused MMS of understating the likelihood and potential consequences of a major spill in the Gulf of Mexico.