Postumus was defeated and the pursuit was entrusted to Aureolus.

In 268, at some time before or soon after the battle of Naissus, Gallienus ' authority was challenged by Aureolus, commander of the cavalry stationed in Mediolanum ( Milan ), who was supposed to keep an eye on Postumus.

Aureolus was clearly defeated and driven back to Milan.

Cecropius, commander of the Dalmatians, spread the word that Aureolus was leaving the city, and Gallienus left his tent without his bodyguard, only to be struck down by Cecropius.

The use of Paracelsus ' laudanum was introduced to Western medicine in 1527, when Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, better known by the name Paracelsus, returned from his wanderings in Arabia with a famous sword, within the pommel of which he kept " Stones of Immortality " compounded from opium thebaicum, citrus juice, and " quintessence of gold.

Scholars assume Gallienus ' efforts were placed with Aureolus, the office who betrayed him, and the defeat of the Herulians was left to his successor, Claudius Gothicus.

It is written that, while sitting down at dinner, Gallienus was told that Aureolus and his men were approaching the camp.

The traitor Aureolus was not treated with the same reverence, as he was killed by his besiegers after a failed attempt to surrender.

Paracelsus ( born Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, 11 November or 17 December 1493 – 24 September 1541 ) was a German-Swiss Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist.

Nevertheless, Postumus was given a golden opportunity in 268 to move against Gallienus when Aureolus, Gallienus ’ general who was in command of Mediolanum, openly changed sides and allied himself with Postumus.

For whatever reason, Postumus failed to support Aureolus, who was besieged by Gallienus.

HA asserts that in this operation Domitianus was an associate ( possibly, a cliens, client or protégé ) of Gallienus ’ s Hipparchos ( Cavalry-Master-General ) Aureolus who is normally credited with the victory over Macrianus.

It is possible that his motive in doing this was to deflect some of the glory accruing to the low-born Aureolus from his suppression of the Macrianic rebellion.

The troops of Ingenuus were defeated, as Gallienus ' general, Aureolus, used to great effect the advantage given by the mobility of an improved cavalry component of the army, which was the remarkable military innovation wanted by the Emperor.

According to Joannes Zonaras, their army was encircled by Aureolus and surrendered, except for the Pannonian legions.

Manius Acilius Aureolus ( died 268 ) was a Roman military commander and would-be usurper.

Throughout his reign Gallienus was always willing to promote talent wherever he found it, and Aureolus was one of the most brilliant of the New Men who were replacing senators in positions of high command in the army in the course of his reign.

Aureolus first made his mark in history in 258 ( or 260-the date is uncertain ) when his cavalry was principally responsible for the defeat of the usurper Ingenuus at the Battle of Mursa ( Osijek in Croatia ).

As to why Aureolus is credited with suppressing the Macriani as a major challenge to Gallienus's rule rather than the Emperor himself there are two possible explanations: ( 1 ) The determination of the Latin historians to denigrate the achievements of Gallienus ; however, a more likely explanation is that ( 2 ) Gallienus was attempting at this time to crush the Gallic usurper Postumus who he probably saw as an even greater threat to his regime than the Macriani and to clear the Juthungi out of the Alpine province of Raetia where they posed a direct threat to Italy and Rome.

* Emperor Gallienus tries twice to crush the usurper Postumus, but on the first occasion Aureolus, commander of the elite cavalry, carelessly lets him escape.

After some initial success against Postumus, his first attempt failed when Postumus managed to escape from a precarious situation due to the carelessness of Gallienus ' cavalry commander Aureolus, leading to Aureolus ’ demotion and eventual abandonment of Gallienus in 267.

However, the latter sent his successful commander Aureolus against the rebels.

The " Skythai " successfully invaded the Balkans in the early months of 268, and Aureolus, a commander of the cavalry, declared himself an ally of Postumus, and the new emperor at Milan.

In the Balkans, Macriani were routed by the commander of Roman cavalry, Aureolus, a general loyal to Gallienus, and killed.

However, the invasion of the Macriani forced him to dispatch Aureolus with a large force against them, leaving him with insufficient troops.

As Imperial Horsemaster Aureolus would have been well-placed to work with Gallienus in formulating and developing the concept of a self-contained cavalry force to beef up the effectiveness of the comitatus as a highly mobile field army under the Emperor's direct control.

In any case Gallienus seems to have given Aureolus a free hand in crushing the rebels and entrusted him with a force that proved sufficient for the purpose.

He had been given sole responsibility for the campaign against the Macriani, yet when the Goths and Heruls invaded the Danubian provinces with an enormous force in 268, Aureolus was not even a senior officer of the Imperial comitatus that accompanied the Emperor against the marauders.

Then he hastily crossed through the Balkans, taking with him the new cavalry corps ( comitatus ) under the command of Aureolus and defeated the usurper at Mursa or Sirmium.

The Emperor Gallienus Augustus ( 253 – 268 AD ) and his general and would-be usurper Aureolus bear much of the responsibility for the institution of Roman cataphract contingents in the Late Roman army.

After the Macriani were defeated and the Danubian garrison forces who had supported them were pacified, Aureolus accompanied the Emperor in ( another?

It is often implied that even at this stage Aureolus was willing to see Gallienus displaced as Emperor and that he deliberately allowed the Gallic usurper to evade destruction.

However, the conspiracy by the Praetorian Prefect, together with Aurelius Heraclianus, Claudius and Aurelian that was to cost Gallienus his life suggests that there was a growing belief at the highest level of the army in the later 260s that the Emperor was no longer fit to rule and Aureolus may well have shared these sentiments.

In 268, having surrendered to Emperor Claudius Gothicus after the death of Gallienus, Aureolus was murdered by the Praetorian Guard before Claudius could decide what to do with him.

* in 268 AD, before the city was founded, the Roman Emperor Gallienus defeated the usurper Aureolus near the bridge crossing, but was killed after the battle by a conspiracy instigated by Aureolus.

He suffered some initial defeats before the victorious army of Aureolus joined him again.

Paracelsus, born Phillippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim ( 1493-1541 ) in Salzburg, Austria, a 16th-century Swiss-German alchemist, discovered that the alkaloids in opium are far more soluble in alcohol than water.

Later that year Gallienus traveled to Italy and fought Aureolus, his former general and now usurper for the throne.

Driving Aureolus back into Mediolanum, Gallienus promptly besieged his adversary in the city.

They march from Asia to Europe but are defeated in Thrace by Gallienus ' general Aureolus, and both are killed.

* Aureolus, charged with defending Italy, defeats Victorinus ( co-emperor of Gaul ), is proclaimed emperor by his troops, and begins his march on Rome.

* Gallienus is killed by his own senior officers at Mediolanum ( Milan ) while besieging his rival Aureolus, one of the Thirty Tyrants.

Aureolus is murdered in turn by the Praetorian guard.

In September 268 he found himself assigned as a military tribune with the Imperial Army besieging the usurper Aureolus in Milan.

In a different and more controversial account, Aureolus forges a document, in which Gallienus appears to be plotting against his generals, and makes sure it falls into the hands of the emperor's senior staff.

After his victory, Gallienus left Marcianus in place and hastily left for Italy, intending to suppress the revolt of his cavalry officer Aureolus.

Ιν 268, τhe Alamanni, who had been making incursions into Roman territory since the reign of Marcus Aurelius, had broken through the Roman frontier at the Danube and crossed the Alps, when the power struggles around Mediolanum ( Aureolus ' revolt, murder of Gallienus, confrontation between Aureolus and Claudius ) forced the Romans to denude the frontier of troops.