Aramaic was marginalised as an official language, but remained spoken in both Assyria and Babylonia by the general populace.

During the times of Babylonia, tar-like glue was used for gluing statues.

Abba Arikka ( 175 – 247 ) ( Talmudic Aramaic: ; born: Abba bar Aybo, Hebrew: רבי אבא בר איבו ) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Sassanid Babylonia, known as an amora ( commentator on the Oral Law ) of the 3rd century who established at Sura the systematic study of the rabbinic traditions, which, using the Mishnah as text, led to the compilation of the Talmud.

While Judah I was still living, Rav, having been duly ordained as teacher — though not without certain restrictions ( Sanhedrin 5a )— returned to Babylonia, where he at once began a career that was destined to mark an epoch in the development of Babylonian Judaism.

Samuel, another disciple of Judah I, at the same time brought to the academy at Nehardea a high degree of prosperity ; in fact, it was at the school of Rav that Jewish learning in Babylonia found its permanent home and center.

Rav's activity made Babylonia independent of Palestine, and gave it that predominant position which it was destined to occupy for several centuries.

The method of treatment of the traditional material to which the Talmud owes its origin was established in Babylonia by Rav.

That he was highly respected by the Gentiles as well as by the Jews of Babylonia is proved by the friendship which existed between him and the last Parthian king, Artaban ( Avodah Zarah 10b ).

The region in which the Chaldeans settled was in the southern portion of Babylonia, lying chiefly on the right bank of the Euphrates.

In the early period it was the name of a small territory in southern Babylonia extending along the northern and probably also the western shores of the Persian Gulf.

It would appear that Bit Yakin was the chief or capital city of the land ; and the king of Chaldea is also called the king of Bit Yakin, just as the kings of Babylonia are regularly styled simply king of Babylon, the capital city.

In a later time, when the Chaldean tribe had burst their narrow bonds and obtained the ascendency over all Babylonia, they gave their name to the whole land of Babylonia, which then was called Chaldea for a short time.

This was a period of weakness in Babylonia, and its ineffectual kings were unable to prevent new waves of peoples invading and settling in the land.

Ishtar ( Inanna ) was the main goddess of Babylonia and Assyria.

This was synchronous with the empires of Ur during the 22nd and 21st centuries BC and the Old Kingdom of Babylonia during the 18th and 17th centuries BC, both of which did not extend as far as the Levant.

In the 12th century BC most of the interior, as well as Babylonia, was overrun by Arameans, while the shoreline around today's Gaza Strip was settled by Philistines.

However, the empire began to collapse toward the end of the 7th century BC, and was obliterated by an alliance between a resurgent New Kingdom of Babylonia and the Iranian Medes.

What we now call the Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC.

Babylonia was a state in central and southern Iraq with Babylon as its capital.

This practice developed in Babylonia where most people understood only Aramaic and sermons were given in Aramaic so Kaddish was said in the vernacular.

The armies of Babylonia under Hammurabi were well-disciplined, and conquered the city-states of Isin, Eshnunna, Uruk, Mari and eventually Assyria after a protracted struggle with the Assyrian king Ishme-Dagan for control of Mesopotamia.

Southern Mesopotamia ( The Sealand Dynasty ) remained independent of Babylonia until Ulamburiash conquered it from Ea-gamil, a king with a distinctly Sumerian name, around 1450 BC.

War continued under subsequent kings as the Elamite ruler Shutruk-Nahhunte conquered most of Babylonia and finally overthrew the Kassites.

In 588 BCE Zedekiah rebelled against Babylonian rule, and Nebuchadnezzar laid siege to Jerusalem ( in Tevet 10 of that year ); in the summer of 586 BCE the walls of Jerusalem were penetrated, the city conquered, the ( first ) Holy Temple destroyed, and the people of Judah exiled to Babylonia.

Babylonia had already been conquered as far as the marshes of the Chaldaeans in the south, and the Babylonian king put to death.

Southern Babylonia, settled by nomadic Aramaean tribes, was conquered and turned into the province of Gambulu.

Conservative interpretations hold that Daniel predicted the empires of Babylonia and Persia to be succeeded by the Greeks under Alexander the Great.

Upon the return from Babylonia and the restoration of the Temple, YHWH will once again dwell in the new Temple as he had in the Temple built by Solomon.

For this he certainly made use of the observations and perhaps the mathematical techniques accumulated over centuries by the Chaldeans from Babylonia.

Later many of them returned to their homeland after the subsequent conquest of Babylonia by the Persians seventy years later, a period known as the Babylonian Captivity.

The oldest prayer books date from the time of the Geonim of Babylonia ; " some were composed by respected rabbinic scholars at the request of far-flung communities seeking an authoritative text of the required prayers for daily use, Shabbat, and holidays.

The area of Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley ; ' Morontobara ' ( probably Manora island near Karachi harbour ), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail ; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom.

The ancient Greek view of the heavenly bodies on which their navigation was based was imported from Babylonia by the Ionian Greeks, who used it to become a seafaring nation of merchants and colonists during the Archaic period in Greece.

The religious practice is mentioned for the first time by Natronai ben Hilai, Gaon of the Academy of Sura in Babylonia, in 853 C. E., who describes it as a custom of the Babylonian Jews and further explained by Jewish scholars in the ninth century by that since the Hebrew word geber ( Gever ) means both " man " and " rooster " the rooster may act or serve as a palpable substitute as a religious vessel in place of the man with the practice also having been as a custom of the Persian Jews.

In 701 BC, a rebellion backed by Egypt and Babylonia broke out in Judah, led by King Hezekiah.

The earliest Talmud commentaries were written by the Geonim ( approximately 800-1000, CE ) in Babylonia.

It later became a part of the Dynasty of the Sealand after the death of the Babylonian emperor Hammurabi, and was reconquered into Babylonia by the Kassites in the 16th century BC.

However the city started to decline from around 550 BC and was no longer inhabited after about 500 BC by which time Babylonia had fallen to the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

Its first half is dominated by the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Babylonia.

* c. 1460 BC: The Kassites overrun Babylonia and found a dynasty there that lasts for 576 years and nine months.

He was overthrown following the " sack of Babylon " by the Hittite king Mursili I, and Babylonia was turned over to the Kassites, with whom Samsu-iluna had already come into conflict in his 6th year.

The Kassites were an ancient Near Eastern people who gained control of Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire after ca.

This raid did not result in any Hittite control over Babylonia, but did result in the emergence of the Kassites as the rulers there.

Kudurru was a type of stone document used as boundary stones and as records of land grants to vassals by the Kassites in ancient Babylonia between the 16th and 12th centuries BCE.