For example, individualists like Tucker on the one hand translated and reprinted the works of collectivists like Mikhail Bakunin, while on the other hand rejected the economic aspects of collectivism and communism as incompatible with anarchist ideals.

Although it was intended to attract writers from both France and the German states, the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher was dominated by the latter, with the only non-German writer being the exiled Russian anarcho-communist Michael Bakunin.

Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin, they did not make their differences with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunin's death.

" in which he dealt with the debate between Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakunin at the First International and afterwards he suggested that " Libertarian marxism rejects determinism and fatalism, giving the greator place to individual will, intuition, imagination, reflex speeds, and to the deep instincts of the masses, which are more far-seeing in hours of crisis than the reasonings of the ‘ elites ’; libertarian marxism thinks of the effects of surprise, provocation and boldness, refuses to be cluttered and paralysed by a heavy ‘ scientific ’ apparatus, doesn ’ t equivocate or bluff, and guards itself from adventurism as much as from fear of the unknown.

Collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin, the anti-authoritarian sections of the First International, and the early Spanish anarchist movement.

In addition, the various branches of anarchism, with thinkers such as Mikhail Bakunin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon or Peter Kropotkin, and syndicalism also gained some prominence.

However, shortly after Mikhail Bakunin and his followers ( called Collectivists while in the International ) joined in 1868, the First International became polarised into two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads.

Despite his criminal status, Bakunin gained great influence with the youth in Russia, and all of Europe.

In 1868, Bakunin joined the International Working Men's Association, a federation of trade union organizations with sections in most European countries.

In Moscow, Bakunin soon became friends with a group of former university students, and engaged in the systematic study of Idealist philosophy, grouped around the poet Nikolay Stankevich, “ the bold pioneer who opened to Russian thought the vast and fertile continent of German metaphysics ” ( E. H. Carr ).

For example, Vissarion Belinsky fell in love with one of Bakunin ’ s sisters.

After long wrangles with his father, Bakunin went to Berlin in 1840.

After three semesters in Berlin, Bakunin went to Dresden where he became friends with Arnold Ruge.

The Russian ambassador in Bern ordered Bakunin to return to Russia, but instead he went to Brussels, where he met many leading Polish nationalists, such as Joachim Lelewel, co-member with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels at Brussels.

In Brussels, Bakunin renewed his contacts with revolutionary Poles and Karl Marx.

Bakunin published his Appeal to the Slavs in the fall of 1848, in which he proposed that Slav revolutionaries unite with Hungarian, Italian and German revolutionaries to overthrow the three major European autocracies, the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia.

Bakunin played a leading role in the May Uprising in Dresden in 1849, helping to organize the defense of the barricades against Prussian troops with Richard Wagner and Wilhelm Heine.

In the spring of 1859 Muravyov helped Bakunin with a job for Amur Development Agency which enabled him to move with his wife to Irkutsk, the capital of Eastern Siberia.

In 1872 he met Mikhail Bakunin, with whom he participated in the St Imier congress of the International.

However, shortly after Mikhail Bakunin and his followers ( called Collectivists while in the International ) joined in 1868, the First International became polarised into two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads.

At 265 pages, it is a relatively brief history of the anarchist movement, covering its philosophical beginnings in Europe with William Godwin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the further development by the Russians Peter Kropotkin and Mikhail Bakunin and its influence on the working class movements of the 19th and 20th centuries mainly in Europe and Russia, but also in the United States.

In Statism and Anarchy, Mikhail Bakunin identified a " statist " tendency within the socialist movement and contrasted it with anarchist socialism, arguing that Karl Marx's theory of transition from capitalism to socialism in which the working class seized state power in a Dictatorship of the proletariat would eventually lead to a usurpation of power by the state apparatus acting in its own self-interest.

However Nechayev's suspicion of his comrades had grown even greater, and he began stealing letters and private papers with which to blackmail Bakunin and his fellow exiles, should the need arise.

However, as Marxism took off, it also began to come under criticism from other European intellectuals, including fellow socialists and leftists ; the Russian collectivist anarchist Mikhail Bakunin for instance criticised what he believed were the flaws in the Marxian theory that the state would eventually dissolve under a Marxist government, instead he believed that the state would gain in power and become authoritarian.

Mikhail Bakunin speaking to members of the International Workingmen's Association | IWA at the Basel Congress in 1869

Seventy-five delegates assembled: from Great Britain, the 6 members of the General Council, Applegarth, Eccarius, Cowell Stepney, Lessner, Lucraft, and Jung ; from France, which sent 26 delegates, among whom we may mention Dereure, Landrin, Chémalé, Murat, Aubry, Tolain, A. Richard, Palix, Varlin, and Bakunin: Belgium sent 5 delegates, among whom were Hins, Brismée, and De Paepe ; Austria 2 delegates, Neumayer and Oberwinder ; Germany sent 10 delegates, among whom were Becker, Liebknecht, Rittinghausen, and Hess ; Switzerland had 22 representatives, among whom were Burkly, Greulich, Fritz Robert, Guillaume, Schwitzguébel, and Perret ; Italy sent but one delegate, Caporusso ; from Spain there came Farga-Pellicer and Sentinon ; and the United States of America was represented by Cameron.

Bakunin speaking to members of the IWA at the congress in Basel, 1869

A middle-aged revolutionary named Giuseppi Fanelli came to Spain on a journey planned by Mikhail Bakunin in order to recruit members for the First International, an international organization that aimed to unify groups working for the benefit of the working class, which later came to be dominated by Marxists.

Born in Naples, Italy, he visited Spain in 1868 on a journey planned by anarchist Mikhail Bakunin in order to recruit members for the First International.

The background to the congress lay in the failure of the Paris Commune in June of the previous year, and in the different lessons drawn from it by the two most prominent members of the International, Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakunin.

Part of this antagonism can be traced to the International Workingmen's Association, the First International, a congress of radical workers, where Mikhail Bakunin, who was fairly representative of anarchist views, and Karl Marx, whom anarchists accused of being an " authoritarian ", came into conflict on various issues.

Marx and Bakunin's disputes eventually led to Marx taking control of the First International and expelling Bakunin and his followers from the organization.

Following a split between supporters of Marx and Mikhail Bakunin, anarchists formed the International Workers ' Association.

The First International, however, split between two main tendencies within the organization over the question of political, parliamentary action ; the anarchist wing represented by Mikhail Bakunin and the socialist wing represented by Karl Marx.

* International Alliance of Socialist Democracy, an organization founded by Mikhail Bakunin

Disregarding Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's impassioned attack on communism, they had gradually been won over by the collectivist theories of Karl Marx and the revolutionary theories of Mikhail Bakunin, as set forth at the congresses of the International.

Mikhail Bakunin had made this point in his International Workingmen's Association debates with Marx in the mid-to-late 19th century.

Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion, and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists. In 1864 the International Workingmen's Association ( sometimes called the " First International ") united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of Proudhon, Blanquists, Philadelphes, English trade unionists, socialists and social democrats.

In 1872, the conflict in the First International climaxed with the expulsion of Bakunin and those who had become known as the " Bakuninists " when they were outvoted by the Marx party at the Hague Congress.

His activity in the movement and adherence to Anarchist ideals can be rooted to his meeting and befriending of Giuseppe Fanelli in 1868, a disciple of Mikhail Bakunin recruiting for the International Workingmen's Association.

He joined the International Workingmen's Association and was charged with winning Italy over to Marx ’ s ideology, in a country where workers were under the strong influence of the Republicanism of Giuseppe Mazzini or in some places the Anarchism of Mikhail Bakunin.