His two sons were studying at Harvard University, and Bardeen did not want to disrupt their studies.

Further, the original design Shockley presented to Brattain and Bardeen did not work.

King Gustav scolded Bardeen because of this, and Bardeen assured the King that the next time he would bring all his children to the ceremony.

Schrieffer and Bardeen ’ s collaborator Cooper had discovered that electrons in a superconductor are grouped in pairs, now called Cooper pairs, and that the motions of all Cooper pairs within a single superconductor are correlated and function as a single entity.

Bardeen brought only one of his three children to the Nobel Prize ceremony.

They were survived by three children, James & William and Elizabeth Bardeen Greytak, and six grandchildren.

In 1956, John Bardeen shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with William Shockley of Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments and Walter Brattain of Bell Telephone Laboratories " for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect ".

Bardeen first heard the news that the Nobel Prize in Physics had been awarded to him, Brattain and Shockley when he was making breakfast and listening to the radio on the morning of Thursday, November 1, 1956.

In 1972, John Bardeen shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon N Cooper of Brown University and John Robert Schrieffer of the University of Pennsylvania for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.

Bardeen gave much of his Nobel Prize money to fund the Fritz London Memorial Lectures at Duke University.

His citation reads: " Theoretical physicist John Bardeen ( 1908 – 1991 ) shared the Nobel Prize in Physics twice -- in 1956, as co-inventor of the transistor and in 1972, for the explanation of superconductivity.

* 1908 – John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel laureate ( d. 1991 )

File: Bardeen. jpg | John Bardeen ( 1908 – 1991 ): awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor and again in 1972 with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.

In acknowledgement of this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics " for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.

Eleven Nobel prizes have been awarded to Unitarians: Robert Millikan and John Bardeen ( twice ) in Physics ; Emily Green Balch, Albert Schweitzer, Linus Pauling, and Geoff Levermore for Peace ; George Wald and David H. Hubel in Medicine ; Linus Pauling in Chemistry, and Herbert A. Simon in Economics.

** John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1991 )

** John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( b. 1908 )

John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics for their work.

The Cooper pair state is responsible for superconductivity, as described in the BCS theory developed by John Bardeen, John Schrieffer and Leon Cooper for which they shared the 1972 Nobel Prize.

John Robert Schrieffer ( born May 31, 1931 ) is an American physicist and, with John Bardeen and Leon N Cooper, recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize for Physics for developing the BCS theory, the first successful microscopic theory of superconductivity.

In 1972, Schrieffer along with John Bardeen and Leon Cooper won the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics for developing the BCS theory.

* BCS theory of conventional superconductivity, named for Nobel prize winners Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer

Among its best-known members have been historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Jf ' 43 ; behaviorist B. F. Skinner, Jf ' 36 ; linguist Noam Chomsky, Jf ' 55 ; biologist E. O. Wilson, Jf ' 56 ; double Nobel laureate John Bardeen, Jf ' 38 ; and philosopher W. V. Quine, Jf ' 36.

In December 1972, John Bardeen, two-time winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, established an endowment fund " to perpetuate the memory of Fritz London, distinguished scientist and member of the Duke faculty from 1939 to the time of his death in 1954, and to promote research and understanding of Physics at Duke University and in the wider scientific community ".

* January 30 – John Bardeen ( b. 1908 ), American physicist, co-inventor of the transistor and twice winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.

* John Bardeen, two-time Nobel Prize winner in Physics

Among those who shared their memories of such figures as Einstein, von Neumann, and Gödel were computer pioneer Herman Goldstine and Nobel laureates John Bardeen and Eugene Wigner.

John Bardeen ( May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991 ) an American physicist and electrical engineer won the Nobel prize a second time due to his work with Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory in 1972.

He was represented at the ceremony by his son, William Bardeen.

BCS theory, proposed by John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer ( BCS ) in 1957, is the first microscopic theory of superconductivity since its discovery in 1911.

John Bardeen then argued in the 1955 paper, " Theory of the Meissner Effect in Superconductors " that such a modification naturally occurs in a theory with an energy gap.

In 1957 Bardeen and Cooper assembled these ingredients and constructed such a theory, the BCS theory, with Robert Schrieffer.

* J. Bardeen, L. N. Cooper, and J. R. Schrieffer, " Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity ", Phys.

* J. Bardeen, L. N. Cooper, and J. R. Schrieffer, " Theory of Superconductivity ", Phys.

Work by James Bardeen, Jacob Bekenstein, Carter, and Hawking in the early 1970s led to the formulation of black hole thermodynamics.

Band structure calculations was first used in 1930 to predict the properties of new materials, and in 1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley developed the first semiconductor-based transistor, heralding a revolution in electronics.

Eventually in 1965, John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Schrieffer developed the so-called BCS theory of superconductivity, based on the discovery that arbitrarily small attraction between two electrons can give rise to a bound state called a Cooper pair.

* 1947 – William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain build the first practical point-contact transistor.

The invention of the transistor in 1947 by William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain opened the door for more compact devices and led to the development of the integrated circuit in 1958 by Jack Kilby and independently in 1959 by Robert Noyce.

In his later life, Bardeen was still active in academic research.

Bardeen published a paper in Physical Review Letters just a year before he died.

Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley received their awards that night from King Gustaf VI Adolf and then adjourned for a great banquet in their honor.