Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity.

Beamforming is the method used to create the radiation pattern of the antenna array by adding constructively the phases of the signals in the direction of the targets / mobiles desired, and nulling the pattern of the targets / mobiles that are undesired / interfering targets.

Beamforming can be used for radio or sound waves.

Beamforming techniques used in cellular phone standards have advanced through the generations to make use of more complex systems to achieve higher density cells, with higher throughput.

Beamforming can be used to try to extract sound sources in a room, such as multiple speakers in the cocktail party problem.

Beamforming can be computationally intensive.

* " Beamforming Narrowband and Broadband Signals " by John E. Piper in Sonar Systems, InTech, Sept. 2011

Smart antennas have two main functions: DOA estimation and Beamforming.

* Another interesting application of total internal reflection is the spatial filtering of light.

* Pixel filtering and spatial anti-aliasing.

Smaller cavities, usually called mode cleaners, are used for spatial filtering and frequency stabilization of the main laser.

Smoothing, or spatial filtering, is the idea of averaging the intensities of nearby voxels to produce a smooth spatial map of intensity change across the brain or region of interest.

The Mach bands effect is due to the spatial high-boost filtering performed by the human visual system on the luminance channel of the image captured by the retina.

The connection between spatial and angular bandwidth in the far field is essential in understanding the low pass filtering property of thin lenses.

The Fourier transform properties of a lens provide numerous applications in optical signal processing such as spatial filtering, optical correlation and computer generated holograms.

Another application of these coatings is spatial filtering.

Similarly the pointing stability of a laser may still be improved by spatial filtering by an optical fibre.

Line doubling is sometimes confused with deinterlacing in general, or with interpolation ( image scaling ) which uses spatial filtering to generate extra lines and hence reduce the visibility of pixelation on any type of display.

An LES filter can be applied to a spatial and temporal field and perform a spatial filtering operation, a temporal filtering operation, or both.

Adaptive beamforming is used to detect and estimate the signal-of-interest at the output of a sensor array by means of optimal ( e. g., least-squares ) spatial filtering and interference rejection.

Another interesting application of dichroic filters is spatial filtering.

One reason might be, that without appropriate spatial filtering the SMR is very difficult to detect as it is usually superimposed by the stronger occipital alpha waves.

This often leads to faster shader execution, and allows shaders to compute spatial derivatives ( e. g. for texture filtering ) by comparing values at neighboring micropolygon vertices.

This problem was solved in the Cyclops laser with the introduction of the spatial filtering technique.

She, too, is concerned with `` the becoming, the process of realization '', but she does not think in terms of subtle variations of spatial or temporal patterns.

The answers derived by these means may determine not only the temporal organization of the dance but also its spatial design, special slips designating the location on the stage where the movement is to be performed.

This circumstance in the patient's case plus the fact that his tactual capacity remained basically in sound working order constitutes its exceptional value for the problem at hand since the evidence presented by the authors is overwhelming that, when the patient closed his eyes, he had absolutely no spatial ( that is, third-dimensional ) awareness whatsoever.

Therefore, if the sense of touch is functioning normally and there is a complete absence of spatial awareness in a psychically-blind person when the eyes are closed and an object is handled, the conclusion seems unavoidable that touch by itself cannot focus and take possession of the third-dimensionality of things and that actual sight or visual representations are necessary.

If the patient can perceive figure kinesthetically when he cannot perceive it visually, then, it would seem, the sense of touch has immediate contact with the spatial aspects of things in independence of visual representations, at least in regard to two dimensions, and, as we shall see, even this much spatial awareness on the part of unaided touch is denied by the authors.

It lacks the inflections of English, such as tense and number, and does not use articles such as " the ", but its spatial mode of expression has enabled it to develop an elaborate system of grammatical aspect that is absent from English.

where is the acoustic pressure and is the acoustic fluid velocity vector, is the vector of spatial coordinates, is the time, is the static mass density of the medium and is the bulk modulus of the medium.

When there is more than one substituent present on the ring, their spatial relationship becomes important for which the arene substitution patterns ortho, meta, and para are devised.

Conversely, British English favours fitted as the past tense of fit generally, whereas the preference of American English is more complex: AmEng prefers fitted for the metaphorical sense of having made an object " fit " ( i. e., suited ) for a purpose ; in spatial transitive contexts, AmEng uses fitted for the sense of having made an object conform to an unchanged object that it surrounds ( e. g., " fitted X around Y ") but fit for the sense of having made an object conform to an unchanged object that surrounds it ( e. g., " fit X into Y "); and for the spatial senses ( both intransitive and transitive ) of having been matching with respect to contour, with no alteration of either object implied, AmEng prefers fit (" The clothes fit.

Western astrology is founded on the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies such as the Sun, Moon, planets, which are analyzed by their movement through signs of the zodiac ( spatial divisions of the ecliptic ) and by their aspects ( angles ) relative to one another.

In spatial planning, Aalen is designated a Mittelzentrum (“ medium-level centre ”).

* The Small-angle X-ray scattering intensity of a nanostructured system is the Fourier transform of the spatial autocorrelation function of the electron density.

* In Astrophysics, auto-correlation is used to study and characterize the spatial distribution of galaxies in the Universe and in multi-wavelength observations of Low Mass X-ray Binaries.

The spatial resolution is given by the path length between transducers, which is typically 10 to 20 cm.

The spatial hole burning may slightly reduce the efficiency because some regions are pumped well, but the pump is not efficiently withdrawn by the signal in the nodes of

* Power spectral density, the power of a signal per some unit of measurement such as temporal or spatial frequency used in signal analysis

In digital signal processing, spatial anti-aliasing is the technique of minimizing the distortion artifacts known as aliasing when representing a high-resolution image at a lower resolution.

In digital photography, optical anti-aliasing filters are made of birefringent materials, and smooth the signal in the spatial optical domain.

A form of spatial aliasing can also occur in antenna arrays or microphone arrays used to estimate the direction of arrival of a wave signal, as in geophysical exploration by seismic waves.

It is possible to change the spatial effects of stereo sound on headphones to better approximate the presentation of speaker reproduction by using frequency-dependent cross-feed between the channels, or — better still — a Blumlein shuffler ( a custom EQ employed to augment the low-frequency content of the difference information in a stereo signal ).

Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal.

For good spatial resolution, the signal from the large veins needs to be suppressed, since it does not correspond to the area where the neural activity is.

The scanning process acquires the MR signal in k-space, in which overlapping spatial frequencies ( that is repeated edges in the sample's volume ) are each represented with lines.

But if the presumed spatial extent of activation does not match the filter, signal is reduced.

In this case, inter-layer prediction ( i. e., the prediction of the higher spatial resolution / quality signal from the data of the lower spatial resolution / quality signal ) is typically used for efficient coding.

** Spatial diversity coding is spatial coding that transmits replicas of the information signal along different spatial paths, so as to increase the reliability of the data transmission.

The timing of Z-ring formation suggests the possibility of a spatial or temporal signal that permits the formation of FtsZ filaments.

One model of Z-ring formation permits its formation only after a certain spatial signal that tells the cell that it is big enough to divide.

The time lapse results in a periodicity of Min association that may yield clues to a temporal signal linked to a spatial signal.

In their 2004 experiments, they varied color, spatial frequency, and orientation of objects stored in VSTM using a signal detection theory approach ( see also the closely related work by Palmer, 1990 ).

As well as increasing the signal level, the device may be used to provide spatial temperature averaging.

The widely accepted explanation of the apparent depth is that a reduction in retinal illumination ( relative to the fellow eye ) yields a corresponding delay in signal transmission, imparting instantaneous spatial disparity in moving objects.