Because the index of refraction is included, the NA of a pencil of rays is an invariant as a pencil of rays passes from one material to another through a flat surface.

Because of the addition of so many new stories of NA member experiences, it will be larger in size than all earlier editions.

Because of this, it is sometimes difficult to provide interested parties with comprehensive information about NA membership.

Because no attendance records are kept, it is impossible to estimate what percentages of those who come to Narcotics Anonymous remain active in NA over time.

Because of its early release, the NA version does not feature any of the above.

Because the bobbin-to-cone winding process is a relatively high-cost operation for the mill, the almost complete automation provided by the Uniconer can mean important economies in textile production, at the same time upgrading quality.

Because the sun's mean motion was used to calculate the jieqi, or seasonal markings, until 1645, this intercalary month was equally likely to occur after any month of the year.

Because the mean and variance of the Cauchy distribution are not defined, attempts to estimate these parameters will not be successful.

Because an idle floating duck or a duck squatting on land cannot react to fly or move quickly, " a sitting duck " has come to mean " an easy target ".

Because the Earth's orbit around the sun is elliptical, and because of the obliquity of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of the orbit ( the ecliptic ), the apparent solar day varies a few dozen seconds above or below the mean value of 24 hours.

Because this is the period of rotation in a precessing reference frame, it is not directly related to the mean rotation rate of the Earth in an inertial frame, which is given by ω = 2π / T where T is the slightly longer stellar day given by Aoki et al.

Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower.

Because of the Earth's annual revolution around the Sun in an orbit that is elliptical and tilted relative to the plane of the equator, an observer at a fixed point on the Earth sees the Sun appear to move in an analemma around a mean position, taking a year to do so.

Because it can be applied to completely arbitrary distributions ( unknown except for mean and variance ), the inequality generally gives a poor bound compared to what might be possible if something is known about the distribution involved.

Because popular lore has focused on “ regression toward the mean ” as an account of declining performance of athletes from one season to the next, it has usually overlooked the fact that such regression can also account for improved performance.

Because some Christian worship services include a doxology, and these hymns therefore were familiar and well-practiced among church choirs, the English word sockdolager arose, a deformation of doxology, which came to mean a " show-stopper ", a production number.

Because in Japan birds have long had a connection with the dead, this may mean it was born in connection with some prehistorical funerary rite.

Because organic agriculture proclaims to sustain the health of soils, ecosystems, and people, it has much in common with Agroecology ; this does not mean that Agroecology is synonymous with organic agriculture, nor that Agroecology views organic farming as the ' right ' way of farming.

Because of the Thermidorian reaction — 9 Thermidor Year II — the overthrow of revolutionary radical Maximilien Robespierre and his followers in that month, the word " Thermidor " has come to mean a retreat from more radical goals and strategies during a revolution, especially when caused by a replacement of leading personalities.

Because of the use of the word ' cyan ' ( Greek: Κυανός, Kyanos ), which can also mean ' blue ' in Greek, the exact shade of blue remains ambiguous.

Because of the error in this approximation by a fraction, and because of the higher-order terms in the polynomial for the moment of mean syzygy, the accumulator needs to be corrected by subtracting 1 once every 65 years or so.

But what is clear is that Frege certainly did not mean that the sense of a name is merely a collection of ideas a particular user of a name happens to associate with it: Because they figure into the meanings of terms in a public language and can be communicated, senses must be objective.

Because the male and female plumages of the Mandarin Duck are so unalike, yuan-yang is frequently used colloquially in Cantonese to mean an " odd couple " or " unlikely pair " – a mixture of two different types of same category.

Because of the nature of the graduate thesis or dissertation having to be more narrow and more novel, the result of original research, these usually have a smaller proportion of the work that is cited from other sources, though the fact that they are lengthier may mean they still have more total citations.

Because the transfer of ownership officially occurred at Sitka mean solar time ( time zones were not yet in use ), that was the date and time that Alaska changed from an Asian Julian date to an American Gregorian date.

Because there is no clear definition of national socialism, the term has been used to mean very different things.

Because the object language of compilation has usually been machine language, the term object file has come to mean a file containing machine instructions, and sometimes the translated program itself is simply called an object.

Because of the wide variety of heat diffusion mechanisms ( one of which is black-body radiation which occurs at the speed of light ), objects on Earth rarely vary too far from the global mean surface and air temperature of 287 to 288 K ( 14 to 15 ° C ).

Because income distribution is generally positively skewed, mean is higher than median, so ratios to mean are lower than ratios to median.

Because there is no selection pressure for sight in this environment, any number of genetic abnormalities that give rise to the damage or loss of eyes could proliferate among the population with no effect on the fitness of the population.

Because of this, a pest that gains resistance will have an incredibly higher fitness than the wild type pest in the Bt corn fields.

Because of this, selection pressure for early humans would favor decreasing body hair because those with thick coats would have more lethal-disease-carrying ectoparasites and would thereby have lower fitness.

Because traits held to be due to sexual selection often conflict with the survival fitness of the individual, the question then arises as to why, in nature, in which survival of the fittest is considered the rule of thumb, such apparent liabilities are allowed to persist.

Because fitness is a coefficient, and a variable may be multiplied by it several times, biologists may work with " log fitness " ( particularly so before the advent of computers ).

Because infidelity imposed such a fitness cost, those who had the jealous emotional response, improved their fitness, and could pass down the jealousy module to the next generation ( Buss 1996 ).

Because a silhouette emphasises the outline, the word has also been used in the fields of fashion and fitness to describe the shape of a person's body or the shape created by wearing clothing of a particular style or period.

Because of his size and fitness, he was cast in his most famous but anonymous big screen role: Darro was the actor / operator inside the now iconic 7-foot tall " Robby the Robot " walking screen prop that debuted in the classic MGM science fiction film Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ).

Because of this, most behaviors which are both FAPs and occur in more complex animals are usually essential to the animal's fitness or in which speed is a factor.

Because the responsibility for resolving the issue lay with the President, rather than with his doctors, nothing raises more surely for us the difficulties simple goodness faces in dealing with complex moral problems under political pressure.

Using Zorn's lemma, it can be shown that every field has an algebraic closure, and that the algebraic closure of a field K is unique up to an isomorphism that fixes every member of K. Because of this essential uniqueness, we often speak of the algebraic closure of K, rather than an algebraic closure of K.

Because the film specifically targeted Western audiences rather than the domestic audiences who were already used to Wuxia films, English subtitles were needed.

Because of the complex shape of this space, it is usually measured directly rather than calculated.

Because the relational model emphasizes search rather than navigation, it does not make relationships between different entities explicit in the form of pointers, but represents them rather using primary keys and foreign keys.

Because this Victorian cycle differed from the Alexandrian cycle in the dates of some of the Paschal Full Moons, and because it tried to respect the Roman custom of fixing Easter to the Sunday in the week of the 16th to the 22nd of the lunar month ( rather than the 15th to the 21st as at Alexandria ), by providing alternative " Latin " and " Greek " dates in some years, occasional disagreements from the date of Easter as fixed by Alexandrian rules continued.

Because of all these, the mere classification of Sireniki Eskimo language is not settled yet: Sireniki language is sometimes regarded as a third branch of Eskimo ( at least, its possibility is mentioned ), but sometimes it is regarded rather as a group belonging to the Yupik branch.

Because the majority of diversity and biomass on Earth is microbial, and thus difficult to measure, recorded extinction events affect the easily observed, biologically complex component of the biosphere rather than the total diversity and abundance of life.

Because the output pulses have a fixed amplitude, the switching elements ( usually MOSFETs, but valves ( vacuum tubes ) and bipolar transistors were once used ) are switched either completely on or completely off, rather than operated in linear mode.

Because essentialism is relatively conservative and focuses on disciplines which are relatively stable, it is a rather consistent form of education.

Because Halakha is developed and applied by various halakhic authorities, rather than one sole " official voice ", different individuals and communities may well have different answers to halakhic questions.

Because cold is the absence of heat, Iceman does not actually ' emanate ' cold ; rather, he decreases thermal energy.

Because the nobles tended to live in Jerusalem rather than on estates in the countryside, they had a larger influence on the king than they would have had in Europe.

Because of the manner in which the head of the Soviet project, Lavrenti Beria, used foreign intelligence ( as a third-party check, rather than giving it directly to the scientists, as he did not trust the information by default ) it is unknown whether Fuchs's fission information had a substantial effect ( and considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium they could procure, it is hard for scholars to accurately judge how much time this saved the Soviets ).

Because the microwave predecessor of the laser, the maser, was developed first, devices of this sort operating at microwave and radio frequencies are referred to as " masers " rather than " microwave lasers " or " radio lasers ".

Because libertarian socialism encourages exploration and embraces a diversity of ideas rather than forming a compact movement, there have arisen inevitable controversies over individuals who describe themselves as libertarian socialists but disagree with some of the core principles of libertarian socialism.

Because they are books, pre-modern manuscripts are best described using bibliographic rather than archival standards.

Because game animations focus on dramatic rather than casual actions, the range of character emotions is often limited.

Because the river is rather narrow on many of the upper reaches, navigation with larger vessels and push convoys requires great skill.

Because the Mach number is often viewed as a dimensionless quantity rather than a unit of measure, with Mach, the number comes after the unit ; the second Mach number is " Mach 2 " instead of " 2 Mach " ( or Machs ).

Because of this attitude, Stephenson argues that Microsoft is not really a monopoly, as evidenced by the free availability of other choice OS's, but rather has simply accrued enough mindshare among the people to have them coming back.

") Because of this, the group ( rather than Factory Records ) legally owned all their own recorded material.

Because court decisions in civil law traditions are brief and not amenable to establishing precedent, much of the exposition of the law in civil law traditions is done by academics rather than by judges ; this is called doctrine and may be published in treatises or in journals such as Recueil Dalloz in France.

Because the act of folding a losing hand rather than showing it down is so common, some players can take advantage of others who do this with a rare play called a call-bluff.