Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation ; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and in particle physics experiments.

Because of their small size and the difficulty of crystallizing integral membrane proteins for X-ray analysis, it is only very recently that scientists have been able to directly examine what channels " look like.

Because the energy of an X-ray with particular wavelength is known, the electron binding energy of each of the emitted electrons can be determined by using an equation that is based on the work of Ernest Rutherford ( 1914 ):

Because modern systems use monochromatic X-ray sources, XPS measurements leave the surface free of any degradation with few exceptions.

Because of interstellar dust along the line of sight, the Galactic Center cannot be studied at visible, ultraviolet or soft X-ray wavelengths.

Because of the usefulness of tuneable collimated coherent X-ray radiation, efforts have been made to make smaller more economical sources of the light produced by synchrotrons.

Because the SXT utilized a charge-coupled device ( CCD ) as its readout device, perhaps being the first X-ray astronomical telescope to do so, its " data cube " of images was both extensive and convenient, and it revealed much interesting detail about the behavior of the solar corona.

Because no X-ray lens exists, X-rays cannot be used to form an image of the crystal being diffracted, and hence phase information is lost.

Because of this problem, X-ray crystallography has been much more successful in determining the structure of proteins that are especially vulnerable to radiation damage.

Because surface atoms have different chemical environments from bulk atoms, small shifts of binding energies are observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Because the binding energy in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is affected by the final state and other chemical environments, this simple explanation cannot always be applied to the interpretation of X-ray photoelectron spectra.

Because it is relatively easy to use electrons or neutrons having wavelengths smaller than a nanometer, electrons and neutrons may be used to study crystal structure in a manner very similar to X-ray diffraction.

Because flood discharge intensity increases in levees on both river banks, and because silt deposits raise the level of riverbeds, planning and auxiliary measures are vital.

Because there is only one monochromator, the tube-sample-crystal distances can be kept very short, resulting in minimal loss of detected intensity.

Because this intensity is zero for zero pressure the method is relatively sensitive and accurate.

In the presence of the static, uniform external magnetic field, the Hamiltonian for the absorbing center takes the form Ĥ = Ĥ < sub > 0 </ sup > + Ĥ < sub > 1 </ sup > which is parallel to the direction of the propagation of the electric field k. Because the transition occur between the two eigenstates of Ĥ < sub > 0 </ sub >, a and j, the absorption and the CD intensity are determined as follows:

Because of the large amount of energy already stored in the gain medium, the intensity of light in the laser resonator builds up very quickly ; this also causes the energy stored in the medium to be depleted almost as quickly.

Because they weaken in intensity with height, these high pressure systems are cold.

Because of their sensational violence, dramatic intensity, and intellectual complexity, these four novels are often referred to as the " gothic " or " Godwinian " novels.

Because the depth of the pits is approximately one-quarter to one-sixth of the laser's wavelength, the reflected beam's phase is shifted in relation to the incoming reading beam, causing mutual destructive interference and reducing the reflected beam's intensity.

Because of the amplification, the intensity of the electron beam can be decreased by several orders of magnitude and the damage to the samples is diminished.

Because any detector ( eye, film, digital ) used to observe the diffraction pattern can have an intensity threshold for detection, the full diffraction pattern may not be apparent.

Because of the change, a change in light intensity causes the response of the rods to be much slower than expected ( for a process associated with the nervous system ).

Niall Quinn pointed out in his autobiography that McMahon reminded him of Roy Keane in his intensity and will to win: " Because he expected to win trophies, he could make the players at City feel bad about themselves, because we didn't have the same expectations ...

Because the ionic charge enters in one location and dissipates to others, losing intensity as it spreads, electrotonic spread is a graded response.

Because of their wide spectrum, they are used for indoor growing applications, in athletic facilities and are quite popular with reef aquarists, who need a high intensity light source for their corals.

Because the intensity autocorrelation ignores the temporal phase of pulse ( b ) that is due to the instanteneous frequency sweep ( chirp ), both pulses yield the same intensity autocorrelation.

Because SSTs are much more costly than fieldwalking, surveys by SST usually have very low intensity.

Because of its intensity, this group staged produced a lot of memorable games, particularly against Universidad Católica and against Corinthians at home and away.

Because the peak intensity of a femtosecond laser pulse is many orders of magnitude higher than that from longer pulse or continuous wave lasers, the electrons are rapidly accelerated and heated to form a plasma.

Because thermal wind causes an increase in wind velocity with height, the westerly pattern increases in intensity up until the tropopause, creating a strong wind current known as the jet stream.

Because two photons are absorbed during the excitation of the fluorophore, the probability for fluorescent emission from the fluorophores increases quadratically with the excitation intensity.

Because taste perception is unique to every person, descriptors for taste quality and intensity have been standardized, particularly for use in scientific studies.

Because both the frequency and the intensity of absorption are dependent on the type of bond, a skilled chemist can determine the functional groups present by examining the infrared spectrum.

Because of the problem with photobleaching, derivatives of fluorescein such as Alexa 488 and DyLight 488 have been tailored for various chemical and biological applications where greater photostability, higher fluorescence intensity, or different attachment groups are needed.

Because each month follows one cycle of the moon, it is also used to determine the phases of the moon.

Because the absolute squares of the amplitudes equate to probabilities, it follows that < var > α </ var > and < var > β </ var > must be constrained by the equation

Because radiation radiates through space and its energy is conserved in vacuum, the power of all types of radiation follows an inverse-square law of power with regard to distance from its source.

Because deadweight costs are related to the elasticity of supply and demand for a good, it follows that putting the highest tax rates on the goods for which there is most inelastic supply and demand will result in the least overall deadweight costs.

Because group delay is, as defined in ( 1 ), it therefore follows that a constant group delay can be achieved if the transfer function of the device or medium has a linear phase response ( i. e., where the group delay is a constant ).

Because this argument applies to any countable set S of sequences of 0s and 1s, it follows that T cannot be equal to any such set.

Because is an arbitrary vector, from nondegeneracy of scalar product follows

Because of its unique origins as a military fort turned Indian boarding school turned state public school, Fort Lewis College also follows a 1911 mandate to provide a tuition-free education for qualified Native Americans.

Because future stock prices can be strongly influenced by investor expectations, technicians claim it only follows that past prices influence future prices.

Because stress is ultimately perceived as a subjective experience, it follows that its definition perhaps ought to remain fluid.

Because the internal bisector of an angle is perpendicular to its external bisector, it follows that the center of the incircle together with the three excircle centers form an orthocentric system.

Because the total currents N < sub > n </ sub > i < sub > n </ sub > contribute to Φ < sub > m </ sub > it also follows that L < sub > m, n </ sub > is proportional to the product of turns N < sub > m </ sub > N < sub > n </ sub >.

Because of this, the elements are considered by some to be very important and, by analogy, can be compared as follows :-

Because the Earth follows an elliptical orbit around the Sun, the solar mass can be computed from the equation for the orbital period of a small body orbiting a central mass.

Because the pastor is the proper shepherd of the parish, it follows that his pastoral council possesses a consultative vote only.

Because chondrites represent the oldest solid material within our solar system and are believed to be the building blocks of the planetary system, it follows that an understanding of the formation of chondrules is important to understand the initial development of the planetary system.

Because ordinary chondrites represent 80 % of the meteorites that fall to earth, and because ordinary chondrites contain 60-80 % chondrules, it follows that most of the meteoritic material that falls on earth ( excluding dust ) is made up of chondrules.

Because Vice City was built upon Grand Theft Auto III, the game follows a largely similar gameplay design and interface with GTA III with several tweaks and improvements over its predecessor.

Because palliative care sees an increasingly wide range of conditions in patients at varying stages of their illness it follows that palliative care teams offer a range of care.

Because r is a random value and the mapping is a permutation it follows that is random too.

Similarly, Canadian acts of parliament typically contain the following enacting clause: " NOW, THEREFORE, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows ..." Because the Queen remains a part of parliament, the enacting clause does not need to explicitly mention her, as in realms such as Australia and Tuvalu, where the clause is simply " The Parliament of Australia enacts " and " ENACTED by the Parliament of Tuvalu ...", respectively.

Because most of Malay people are muslims, Malay cuisine follows Islamic halal dietary law rigorously.

Because the magnet is small and has little mass, and is not coupled mechanically to the generator ( as in a ceramic cartridge ), a properly adjusted stylus follows the groove more faithfully while requiring less tracking force ( the downward pressure on the stylus ).