Before the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, researchers who attempted to count the number of people killed under Stalin's regime produced estimates ranging from 3 to 60 million.

Before Stalin's death, Beria was appointed First Deputy Premier and reappointed head of the MVD, which he merged with the MGB.

Before returning to Japan, Nosaka gained Stalin's endorsement for the leadership of the Japanese Communist Party.

Before he become INO head in May, 1938, on Stalin's direct order, he personally assassinated the Ukrainian nationalist leader Yavhen Konovalets.

Before the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, in 1943, Czechoslovakian leader in exile Edvard Beneš agreed to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's demands for unconditional agreement with Soviet foreign policy and the Beneš decrees.

Before consolidation of many of these rural school districts in the last half of the twentieth century, Indiana high schools had fewer students than those of most other states ; basketball was a natural game for these schools since it only required five starters and a few reserves.

Before the arrival of European settlers, the history of the Saharan region is mainly characterized by the consolidation of settlements in large state entities – the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire.

Before the district was formed by consolidation in 1958, Eastvale operated its own school district.

Before 2008, the likelihood of consolidation was low.

Before consolidation, the school had about 1, 100 students enrolled per year ; enrollment has now settled to slightly above 600 students.

Before the 2009 consolidation, Kiukainen was twinned with:

Before consolidation with the city, what is now the Northeast consisted of the townships of Byberry, Delaware, Lower Dublin, Moreland, and Oxford, ( largely rural areas ); and the boroughs of Bridesburg, Frankford, and White Hall, which were more urbanized.

Before the consolidation into the B & W, an interchange with the Framingham, Southboro and Marlborough Street Railway existed at Framingham Center.

Before World War II, Sterlitamak was growing rapidly, mainly due to consolidation of enterprises and the construction of new ones.

Before that consolidation, it ran 128 issues.

Before seizing power in 2003, Bozizé's rebel group was equipped and trained in Chad.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before central power stations were widely introduced it was common for industries, large hotels and commercial buildings to generate their own power and use low pressure exhaust steam for heating.

Before the constitutional rewrite, which was completed in 2000, the president enjoyed more power.

Before 2000, the President had the right to enact regulations on matters not governed by parliamentary law, but this power was removed, and existing regulations were converted into regular statutes by the Parliament.

Before Arbenz come to power in 1951, the Communist movement preferred to carry out many of their activities through the so-called mass organization.

Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery.

Before coming to power, the Khmer Rouge also demonstrated characteristics of " the Buddhist ideals of propriety and social justice ", more so than the current government.

Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2009, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers.

Before the Revolution, despite supporting political reform ( including Bolsheviks elected to the Duma, when opportune ), Lenin proposed that capitalism could ultimately only be overthrown with revolution, not with gradual reforms — from within ( Fabianism ) and from without ( social democracy ) — which would fail, because the ruling capitalist social class, who hold economic power ( the means of production ), determine the nature of political power in a bourgeois society.

Before the cold war began in the late 1940s, Foot favoured a ' third way ' foreign policy for Europe ( he was joint author with Richard Crossman and Ian Mikardo of the pamphlet Keep Left in 1947 ), but in the wake of the communist seizure of power in Hungary and Czechoslovakia he and Tribune took a strongly anti-communist position, eventually embracing NATO.

Before the handover of power, some 300, 000 Kosovars, mostly Serbs, left the province, many had been expelled by the Albanians.

Before colonization the senior queen acted as a check and counterweight to the king's power, both through her direct control of some military forces and her control of rainmaking medicines and rites and of key aspects of the Ncwala national ritual that annually binds the fate of the king and the nation together.

* Before the Chiefs ' first touchdown, he sent in the play " 65 toss power trap.

Before the summer 2006 offensive began, indications existed that soldiers in Afghanistan had lost influence and power to other groups, including potentially the Taliban.

Before the development of the transformer, electric power distribution primarily used direct current at the same voltage used by motors and lights.

Before October 5, even as opposition grew, Milošević continued to hold significant power.

Before the advent of the CCD beam profiler, the beam width was estimated using the knife-edge technique: slice a laser beam with a razor and measure the power of the clipped beam as a function of the razor position.

Before his death, he is thought to have named Aurelian as his successor, although Claudius ' brother Quintillus briefly seized power.

Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the air pollution | air-polluting emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide.

Before Henry held real power, it was alleged that there was a plot to spirit Eleanor away and deliver her to the king of France ; de Maulay was accused of the plot and fell out of favour.

Before the end of the war, architect Charles Holden drew up plans to redevelop the city centre, but locals were so opposed that the Citizens ' Defence Association was formed and swept to power in the 1945 municipal elections.

Before initiating the palace coup against Khrushchev, Brezhnev had talked to several Central Committee members, and had a list which contained all of the Central Committee members who supported ousting Khrushchev.

Before that, it fostered regional integration and trade through the Central European Free Trade Agreement ( CEFTA ), which included Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia.

Before 1980, a section of the Commonwealth Railways Central Australian line passed along the western side of the Simpson Desert.

Before the 1985-86 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths, Central and Keystone are presented as located in the same space but on different parallel Earths.

Before 1975, North Vietnam had maintained that the Central Highlands and the Giai Truong Son were strategic areas of paramount importance, essential to the domination not only of South Vietnam but also of the southern part of Indochina.

* Before this year – Textile with elephants and camels, known today as the Suaire de St-Josse, from Khurasan or Central Asia, is made.

Before its move, ONA had been a sub-tenant in the Central Office building of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ( ASIO ) in Russell, Canberra.

Before Arabic became the dominant language, Syriac was a major language among Christian communities in the Middle East, Central Asia and Kerala.

Before his death in 1924, Lenin, while describing Trotsky as " distinguished not only by his exceptional abilities – personally he is, to be sure, the most able man in the present Central Committee ", and also maintaining that " his non-Bolshevik past should not be held against him ", criticized him for " showing excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work ", and also requested that Stalin be removed from his position of General Secretary, but his notes remained suppressed until 1956.

Before 1928, the Uzbek language, like most Central Asian languages, was written in various forms of the Arabic script ( Yana imla ) by the literate population.

Before the downturn of the railroad industry, San Pierre had a train station at the intersection of the Monon and New York Central railways, and thus was a stop on the route of Abraham Lincoln's funeral train.

Before it was expanded and the four elementary schools built, the Junior High School building was known as Fair Plain Central.

Before the Vietnam War, the population of the Central Highlands, estimated at between 3 and 3. 5 million, was almost exclusively Degar.

Before the Vietnam War, the population of the Central Highlands, estimated at between 3 and 3. 5 million, was almost exclusively Degar.

Before the expansion of the Kingdom of Macedon, Thrace was divided into three camps ( East, Central, and West ) after the withdrawal of the Persians.

Before this assembly could be installed, a Popular Assembly called by the City Council which included deputies from the provinces and the citizenry of Guatemala declared independence and the Deed of Declaration of Independence (" Acta de Independencia ") was signed and proclaimed on September 15, 1821, which is now recognized as Independence Day by five Central American republics.

Before 1999, Cathay Pacific had its head office in the Swire House in Central.

Before he was president of Central America he was head of state of Honduras, He rose to prominence at the legendary Battle of La Trinidad on November 11, 1827.

Before regional programmes, the logo ' ITV1 Carlton ' was used, until late 2003, when they were known as ' ITV1 for Central England '.

In August 1997 the Central People's Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea promulgated regulations regarding use of the Juche Era calendar, according to which for dates occurring before 1912 the Gregorian calendar year is used exclusively, so that there is no " negative " Juche year, or " Before Juche " concept.

Before 2002, the combatant commanders were referred to in daily use as " commanders-in-chief " ( for instance, " Commander in chief of U. S. Central Command "), even though the office in fact was designated as " combatant commander " in the law creating the position.

Before his current role as the host of HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher, Maher hosted a similar late-night talk show called Politically Incorrect originally on Comedy Central and later on ABC.

Also, due to geographical problems, the platforms of stations on this line ( Central ( Tsuen Wan line platforms use island platforms ), Wan Chai, Causeway Bay, Tin Hau, North Point ( Before Tseung Kwan O Line was extended to North Point ), and Sai Wan Ho ) are located on two different levels, this also makes the platform and concourse separated in two parts, so there are some passageways and long escalators on those stations to link between the platform and concourse.