Before indoor flushing toilets became commonplace, the main function of a nightstand was to contain a chamber pot.

Before it was banned from residential use in the US, chlorpyrifos was detected in 100 % of personal indoor air samples and 70 % of umbilical-cord blood collected from pregnant women 18 – 35 years old who self-identified as African American or Dominican and living in New York City public housing.

Before 1980, the cross country, golf, indoor track and field, swimming, tennis, and wrestling were dropped.

Before returning to the world during Mort, " Albert " had 91 days, three hours and five minutes of Time left on the Disc, most of which he spent shopping and using the soap and baths at the " Young Men's Reformed Cultist of the Ichor-God-Bel-Shamharoth's Association " ( Death is not very good at making plumbing ).

In the opinion of film critic Philip French, a film of 1958, Home Before Dark, saw her give " perhaps her finest performance as a housewife driven into a breakdown in Mervyn LeRoy's psychodrama.

Before his death, he was absolved from the excommunication ; moreover, the Pope also promised that the King of Hungary and his relatives would not be excommunicated without the special permission of the Pope.

Before the invention of electronic amplifiers, mechanically coupled carbon microphones were also used as amplifiers in telephone repeaters for long distance service.

Before presenting " The Emancipation Proclamation " to his Cabinet, Lincoln read to them the latest episode, " Outrage in Utiky ", also known as High-Handed Outrage at Utica.

He also provided the voice of Jack Skellington, the main character in Tim Burton's animated Disney film The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ), and has since reprised the role in many other subsequent productions, including the Disney / Square video games Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II and the Capcom sequel to the original film, Oogie's Revenge.

) Before a major fire, typical chaparral plant communities are dominated by manzanita, chamise ( also called greasewood or Adenostoma fasciculatum ) and Ceanothus species, Toyon ( which can sometimes be interspersed with scrub oaks ), and other drought-resistant shrubs with hard ( sclerophyllous ) leaves ; these plants resprout ( see resprouter ) from underground burls after a fire.

Before its merger with HP, it also sponsored the Williams Formula One team when it was still powered by BMW engines.

Elfman also provided the singing voice for Jack Skellington in Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas and the voices of both Barrel and the " Clown with the Tear-Away Face ".

Before the Israeli military occupied Sinai during the June 1967 War ( Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Six-Day War ), a single Egyptian governorate administered the whole peninsula.

Before him, Lý Bí and Mai Thúc Loan also claimed this title.

Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name ( his imina ) was Hatsusebe-shinnō, also known as Hatsusebe no Waka-sazaki.

Before her ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, her personal name ( her imina ) was Mikekashiya-hime-no-mikoto, also called Toyomike Kashikiya hime no Mikoto.

Before he was forced abroad for political reasons, director Jules Dassin made two classic noirs that also straddled the major / independent line: Brute Force ( 1947 ) and the influential documentary-style The Naked City were developed by producer Mark Hellinger, who had an " inside / outside " contract with Universal similar to Wanger's.

Before this, a " cartridge " was simply a premeasured quantity of gunpowder together with a ball in a small cloth bag ( or rolled paper cylinder ), which also acted as wadding for the charge and ball.

Before the introduction of UTC on 1 January 1972 Greenwich Mean Time ( also known as Zulu time ) was the same as Universal Time ( UT ) which is a standard astronomical concept used in many technical fields.

Before the end of 2008, Jeepster would also release another Belle & Sebastian compilation, The BBC Sessions, collecting the tracks that the band had recorded for the BBC in 1996, which included rarities and unreleased songs, together with live recordings from Belfast.

Before coming to power, the Khmer Rouge also demonstrated characteristics of " the Buddhist ideals of propriety and social justice ", more so than the current government.

Before the widespread availability of incendiary ammunition made commerce raiding too risky, they would also land or hover close to a merchant ship suspected of carrying contraband, order all ship's hands to leave in boats, then inspect the ship, and either destroy it or take it back to Germany as prize.

Before the sale was announced, Anthony Bamford, chairman of British excavators manufacturer JCB, had expressed interest in purchasing Jaguar Cars in August, the year previously ; only to back out when told the sale would also involve Land Rover, which he did not wish to buy.

Before his death he played extensively in colleges, concert halls, coffee houses and also on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, as well as recording three further albums for Vanguard Records.

Before going to Egypt, he grew a beard, which is a sign of a devout Muslim, but was also seen as a political gesture.

Before the 1890 Mormon Manifesto against plural marriage, Mormonism and Islam also shared in the belief in and practice of plural marriage, a practice now held in common by Islam and various branches of Mormon fundamentalism.

Before, Anguilla ( 1631 – 1650 ), the present-day British Virgin Islands ( 1612 – 1672 ), St. Croix and Tobago had also been Dutch.

Before the First Fleet sailed to found a convict settlement in New South Wales, Governor Arthur Phillip's final instructions, received less than three weeks before sailing, included the requirement to colonise Norfolk Island to prevent it falling into the hands of France, whose naval leaders were also showing interest in the Pacific.

Before their nature was understood, galaxies (" spiral nebulae ") and globular clusters were also classified as nebulae, but no longer are.

Before that, the vocal virtuosity, not range, was the priority, with soprano parts rarely extending above a high A ( Handel, for example, only wrote one role extending to a high C ), though the castrato Farinelli was alleged to possess a top D ( his lower range was also extraordinary, extending to tenor C ).

Before Harmony had a chance to reply, Rod cracked his long whip over his thin oxen's backs.

Before the Draft Act was passed Baker had confidentially briefed governors, sheriffs, and prospective draft board members on the administration of the measure -- and the confidence was kept so well that only one newspaper learned what was going on.

Before his departure, a group of his friends, the Reverend Stidger among them, had given him a luncheon, and Stidger had seen advance sheets of Elmer Gantry.

Before the fight was over, the Harlem boy had a concussion and Trig was cut up badly.

Before Payne loomed the Old Clubhouse, Seward's home, where Key had once been killed.

Before he went into battle Andrei had told Alex, `` I only want to be a Pole.

Before the Juniors entered the ring the Steward announced that after all Juniors had moved their dogs around the ring and set them up, they could relax with their dogs.

Before daylight Sunday morning, a posse of twenty-three men under the leadership of Deputy Sheriff Frank MacPherson of Catskill followed the trail to the house of Francisco Chaves, where 100 to 150 Mexicans had gathered.

Before coming on a visit to Spelman in 1885, Miss Mary had been a successful teacher in Worcester, and her position there was held open for her for a considerable period.

Before he was forty Griffith had created the art of the film.

Before he testified for 20 minutes, Stein, who lives at 3300 Lake Shore Dr., admitted to reporters that he had a wide acquaintance with crime syndicate hoodlums.

`` Before then, my sales during much of the year had lagged behind 1960 by 20% '', he says.

Before he could return to Burma, Field Marshal Slim had to rally the defeated remnants of a discouraged army and unite them with fresh recruits.

Before 1800 astronomers had isolated observational errors resulting

Before his departure from the city of Split, he had made over to the Templars the Castle of Klis, a strategic point in the hinterland of Split which controlled the approaches to the town.

Before leaving, he had stacked all his cultures of staphylococci on a bench in a corner of his laboratory.

Before that, several scientists had published or pointed out that mould or penicillium sp.

Before his death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $ 350, 695, 654 for various causes.

Before his departure for Rome, his friends had applied to the Venetian senate for a pension, to enable him to pursue his studies without embarrassment.

Before Caesar's time they had attached themselves to the Romans, and were honoured with the title of brothers and kinsmen of the Roman people.

Before his death in Herat, on June 9, 1863, Dost Mohammad Khan had nominated as his successor Sher Ali Khan, his third son, passing over the two elder brothers, Afzal Khan and Azam Khan.

Before this, cities and counties of sufficiently large populations such as most of Metro Atlanta already had Sunday alcohol sales at bars and restaurants, with local ordinances to abide by, such as having a certain amount of food sales in order to be opened and serve alcohol.

Before this action, though, he had for the most part opted to continue the Whig policy of limited expansion, preferring to maintain the then-current borders as opposed to promoting expansion.

Before the 1704 campaign ended, the Allies had taken Landau, and the towns of Trier and Trarbach on the Moselle in preparation for the following year's campaign into France itself.