* Khaled El-Rouayheb, Before Homosexuality in the Arab – Islamic World, 1500 – 1800 Chicago, 2009.

Dictionary of Pastellists Before 1800.

Before 1800, its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ), the first independent black denomination in the country, and the first black Episcopal Church.

Before valves became common about 1800, the horn could play only the notes of the overtone series from a single fundamental pitch.

Before 1800 they made the Black Dog Trail starting east of Baxter Springs, Kansas and going northwest to their summer hunting grounds at the Great Salt Plains in present-day Alfalfa County.

Before 1800 the western part of the Sauerland was part of the County of the Mark based in Altena ; the eastern part adhered to the County of Arnsberg, later became known as the Duchy of Westphalia and was owned by the Archbishops and Electorate of Cologne.

* British Authors Before 1800: A Biographical Dictionary, edited by Stanley J. Kunitz and Howard Haycraft, New York, The H. W. Wilson Company, 1952.

Before 1800, swim bladders of sturgeon ( primarily Beluga sturgeon from Russia ) were used as a source of isinglass, a form of collagen used historically for the clarification of beer, as a predecessor for gelatin, and to preserve parchments.

Before the Act of Union of 1800, which united the Kingdom of Ireland with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, there was also a Black Rod in the Irish House of Lords.

Before 1800, it had a disjunct range in the British Isles, absent from central and southern Scotland, with S. vulgaris zetlandicus in the far north and northwest ( Shetland, Orkney, Caithness, Outer Hebrides ), and S. vulgaris vulgaris south of the Scottish-English border ; it was also rare or regionally absent in Ireland, western Wales and western and northernmost England.

Before 1800 it was split between many minor rulers, then it became the border area between the Baden and Württemberg, and embedded in between was the duchy Sigmaringen.

Before 1800 there was practically nothing standing in the area today called San Ġiljan, except for Spinola Palace, the old church, and a few fishermen ’ s huts and farmers ’ dwellings dotting the countryside.

Before 1800, Jonathan Coombs built a sawmill and gristmill.

* British Authors Before 1800: A Biographical Dictionary, edited by Stanley J. Kunitz and Howard Haycraft, New York, The H. W. Wilson Company, 1952.

Before 1800, there was already a small industry of canned salmon in the Netherlands.

Before the Court of Appeals was created the number of cases handled by the Minnesota Supreme Court amounted to about 1800.

Before 1800, coniferous forests covered most of the watershed, and its streams supported big populations of salmon, steelhead, and other fish.

Before setting out for Paris to crown Napoleon in 1804, Pope Pius VII ( 1800 – 1823 ), signed a document of resignation to take effect if he were imprisoned in France.

Before 1898, there were several short-lived federal bankruptcy laws in the U. S. The first was the act of 1800 which was repealed in 1803 and followed by the act of 1841, which was repealed in 1843, and then the act of 1867, which was amended in 1874 and repealed in 1878.

The Language of the Classical French Organ: A Musical Tradition Before 1800.

Before his death in 1800, Mr. Tunnicliff built an Episcopalian church near his residence, but it was destroyed by fire in 1840.

* British Authors Before 1800: A Biographical Dictionary, edited by Stanley J. Kunitz and Howard Haycraft, New York, The H. W. Wilson Company, 1952.

Before 1800 it was re-occupied by the North West Company, who gave it its present name.

Before the year 1800 there were four or five " ship yards " in town, where sailing vessels for navigation on the Hudson were made.

Before the Mariner 4 spacecraft arrived at Mars in July 1965 and dispelled some of the more exotic theories about the planet, the conventional image of Mars was shaped by the observations of the astronomers Giovanni Schiaparelli and Percival Lowell.

Before the arrival of Voyager 2, astronomers suspected that Triton might have liquid nitrogen seas and a nitrogen / methane atmosphere with a density as much as 30 % that of the Earth.

Before the advent of the European telescope in the 17th century, the armillary sphere was the prime instrument of all astronomers in determining celestial positions.

Before 1984, both the Julian year and the mean tropical year were used by astronomers.

Before Harmony had a chance to reply, Rod cracked his long whip over his thin oxen's backs.

Before the Draft Act was passed Baker had confidentially briefed governors, sheriffs, and prospective draft board members on the administration of the measure -- and the confidence was kept so well that only one newspaper learned what was going on.

Before his departure, a group of his friends, the Reverend Stidger among them, had given him a luncheon, and Stidger had seen advance sheets of Elmer Gantry.

Before the fight was over, the Harlem boy had a concussion and Trig was cut up badly.

Before Payne loomed the Old Clubhouse, Seward's home, where Key had once been killed.

Before he went into battle Andrei had told Alex, `` I only want to be a Pole.

Before the Juniors entered the ring the Steward announced that after all Juniors had moved their dogs around the ring and set them up, they could relax with their dogs.

Before daylight Sunday morning, a posse of twenty-three men under the leadership of Deputy Sheriff Frank MacPherson of Catskill followed the trail to the house of Francisco Chaves, where 100 to 150 Mexicans had gathered.

Before coming on a visit to Spelman in 1885, Miss Mary had been a successful teacher in Worcester, and her position there was held open for her for a considerable period.

Before he was forty Griffith had created the art of the film.

Before he testified for 20 minutes, Stein, who lives at 3300 Lake Shore Dr., admitted to reporters that he had a wide acquaintance with crime syndicate hoodlums.

`` Before then, my sales during much of the year had lagged behind 1960 by 20% '', he says.

Before he could return to Burma, Field Marshal Slim had to rally the defeated remnants of a discouraged army and unite them with fresh recruits.

Before his departure from the city of Split, he had made over to the Templars the Castle of Klis, a strategic point in the hinterland of Split which controlled the approaches to the town.

Before leaving, he had stacked all his cultures of staphylococci on a bench in a corner of his laboratory.

Before that, several scientists had published or pointed out that mould or penicillium sp.

Before his death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $ 350, 695, 654 for various causes.

Before his departure for Rome, his friends had applied to the Venetian senate for a pension, to enable him to pursue his studies without embarrassment.

Before Caesar's time they had attached themselves to the Romans, and were honoured with the title of brothers and kinsmen of the Roman people.

Before his death in Herat, on June 9, 1863, Dost Mohammad Khan had nominated as his successor Sher Ali Khan, his third son, passing over the two elder brothers, Afzal Khan and Azam Khan.

Before this, cities and counties of sufficiently large populations such as most of Metro Atlanta already had Sunday alcohol sales at bars and restaurants, with local ordinances to abide by, such as having a certain amount of food sales in order to be opened and serve alcohol.

Before this action, though, he had for the most part opted to continue the Whig policy of limited expansion, preferring to maintain the then-current borders as opposed to promoting expansion.

Before the 1704 campaign ended, the Allies had taken Landau, and the towns of Trier and Trarbach on the Moselle in preparation for the following year's campaign into France itself.