Before genetic evidence appeared in the last 10 years, the placement of the Actinidiaceae within the Ericales was highly controversial.

Before Oxford, he lived and worked in Soweto, South Africa, through a placement with the Project Trust.

Before this placement, Flannery had attended the 1998 ESAT Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition with a project describing already existing crytographic techniques from Caesar cipher to RSA.

Before a diagnosis of anxiety disorder is made, physicians must rule out drug-induced anxiety and medical causes.

Before this time, emergency medical care was provided by two private ambulance services.

Before birth, complex ultrasounds performed routinely during pregnancy may indicate the presence of cerebral abnormality, but this method of diagnosis should be complemented by other methods, such as genetic studies and NMR, and the examination is not recommended as part of routine ultrasound examinations, unless family medical history or other reasons for suspecting brain malformation are present.

Before the 1960s, few countries offered safe, legal medical options and many criminalized cross-gender behaviors or mandated unproven psychiatric treatments.

Before seriously embarking upon his medical studies, Lever visited Canada as an unqualified surgeon on an emigrant ship, and has drawn upon some of his experiences in Con Cregan, Arthur O ' Leary and Roland Cashel.

Before the flight's cancellation, the flight also served medical referrals from the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands to Manila and non-USA visa alien contract workers who were unable to transit to their final destinations via Guam ; Vergara said that the alien workers " particularly were Air Micronesia ’ s captive audience.

Before 1967, including his time as a student, all of St Andrews ' clinical medical activity took place at University College, Dundee, which would eventually become the University of Dundee, of which Black later became Chancellor.

Before 1993, all women in the Royal Navy were members of the WRNS except nurses, who joined ( and still join ) Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service, and medical and dental officers, who were commissioned directly into the Royal Navy, held RN ranks, and wore WRNS uniform with gold RN insignia.

Before entering medical school, students must complete a four year undergraduate degree and take the Medical College Admission Test ( MCAT ).

Before graduating from a medical school and achieving the Doctor of Medicine degree, most schools require their students to take the United States Medical Licensing Examination ( USMLE ) Step 1 and both the Clinical Knowledge and Clinical Skills parts of Step 2.

Before the advent of sophisticated medical imaging techniques, surgical exploration was the standard of care.

Before his career as a game show host, Mandel was best known for his role as rowdy ER intern Dr. Wayne Fiscus on the NBC medical drama St.

Before its first night, Patrick had volunteered for the American Field Service providing medical services in support of the British Army fighting World War II.

Before long, however, Buster had a much more pivotal role to play in the war, when the powerful Decepticon, Shockwave defeated and deactivated all the Autobots, save medical officer Ratchet, and planned to create new troops using the power of the Creation Matrix within Optimus Prime's mind.

Before closing its gates, the city became a den of beggars attracted by a medical infrastructure which held more hope than the countryside.

Before the creation of NOSM, Northern Ontario had for several years been designated as " underserviced ", meaning that the region's ratio of medical professionals to the general population was not meeting the standards set by the Ministry of Health.

Before penicillin became a viable medical treatment in the early 1940s, no true cure for gonorrhea, strep throat, or pneumonia existed.

Before 2004, a similar exam, the Clinical Skills Assessment ( CSA ) was used to assess the clinical skills of foreign medical graduates.

Before the introduction of the UMAT as a component of university entrance requirements, the sole criterion for entry into medical or health science degrees in Australian universities was final year high school ( Year 12 ) results.

Before any person gets authorization to operate technical equipment or be on the battle field, they must take a medical and often a physical test.

Before entering politics, Roy worked as a physiotherapist, medical research co-ordinator, manager of a private kindergarten and as publicity officer for the New Zealand Portrait Gallery.

Before he was elected as Commissioner of Central Committee of CCP in the 8th National Congress of CPC in 1956, Wang went to Moscow for medical treatment and would never return.

* Before entering medical school in the late 1970s, Deuell enjoyed a career as a professional drummer and played behind such disparate artists as Ike & Tina Turner and Bob Hope.

Before Annales, French history supposedly happened in Paris.

Before many-worlds, reality had always been viewed as a single unfolding history.

Before he compiled his church history, Eusebius edited a collection of martyrdoms of the earlier period and a biography of Pamphilus.

Before the first Europeans arrived, there was no written history in the territory.

Before 1814, the history of nobility is separate for each of the eleven provinces that make up the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Before his election as Pope, he served as Bishop of Caere, which made his election controversial, because, at this stage of history, a bishop was expected never to leave office to move to another see.

Before the arrival of European settlers, the history of the Saharan region is mainly characterized by the consolidation of settlements in large state entities – the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire.

Before Sima, histories were written as certain events or certain periods of history of states ; his idea of a general history affected later historiographers like Zheng Qiao ( 鄭樵 ) in writing Tongshi ( 通史 ) and Sima Guang ( 司馬光 ) in writing Zizhi Tongjian ( 資治通鑑 ).

Before leaving school, towards the end of 1855, he became assistant to the painter and professor Louis ( Lodewijk ) Jan de Taeye, whose courses in history and historical costume he had greatly enjoyed at the Academy.

Before this season, the Dolphins had never won a playoff game in franchise history, but they surprised the entire NFL by advancing to the Super Bowl with wins against the two previous Super Bowl champions.

In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, says that approximately 90 – 95 % of known societies throughout history engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought constantly.

Before a vaccine was developed in World War II, typhus was a devastating disease for humans and has been responsible for a number of epidemics throughout history.

Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history, until surpassed by his great-great-grandson Charles, Prince of Wales, on 22 April 2011.

Before this, Huang ( 皇 ) and Di ( 帝 ) were given as titles of a number of rulers from the era known as the " sage kings " period, supposedly predating written history, but probably coinciding with or following the invention and early stages of evolution for the Chinese writing system.

The Kung Bushmen were described as ' The Harmless People ' in a popular work by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas in 1958, while Lawrence Keeley's 1996 War Before Civilization suggested that regular warfare without modern technology was conducted by most groups throughout human history, including most Native American tribes.

Before and during World War I, he studied at the University of Vienna, graduating in 1916 in history and geography.

Before the decipherment of cuneiform text, knowledge of the history of the ancient Mesopotamia and was mostly dependent upon classical authorities, besides the Hebrew Bible.

Before the arrival of the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century, there is little to Réunion's recorded history.

Before the Super Bowls were televised, the Bob Hope Christmas Specials were the highest-rated programs in television history.

Before the Watergate scandal, Teapot Dome was regarded as the " greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics ".

Before Williams Jr. appears, Frank Gifford gives a short vignette about a memorable moment in the history of Monday Night Football featuring one or both of the teams playing that night's game.

Before the 5th century A. D. the details of its history which can be gleaned from surviving records and literature are exceedingly meagre, obscure and confusing.