Behaviorism insisted on working only with what can be seen or manipulated and in the early views of John B. Watson, a founder of the field, nothing was inferred as to the nature of the entity that produced the behavior.

Behaviorism as a theory was primarily developed by B. F. Skinner.

The theory of operant conditioning was developed by B. F. Skinner and is known as Radical Behaviorism.

* In the 20th century, the initial influence of Behaviorism minimized introspective study of mental processes, emotions and feelings, which was replaced by objective study through experiments on behaviors observed in relation with environment.

John B. Watson " father of Behaviorism " was a student of Loebs neurology classes at University of Chicago.

Much of the empirical framework of Behaviorism was retained even though a new paradigm had begun.

Behaviorism was heavily influenced by Ivan Pavlov and E. L. Thorndike, and its most notable early practitioner was John B. Watson, who proposed that psychology could only become an objective science were it based on observable behavior in test subjects.

Behaviorism placed the human being as an animal subject to reinforcements, and suggested to place psychology as an experimental science, similar to chemistry or biology.

* Behaviorism, an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental states, is usually considered to be deterministic and opposed to free will.

Behaviorism ( or behaviourism ), also called the learning perspective ( where any physical action is a behavior ), is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organisms do — including acting, thinking, and feeling — can and should be regarded as behaviors, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns or modifying the environment.

Behaviorism had dominated the psychology until 1950s when new developments in a variety of fields overturned behaviorist theory in favor of a cognitive theory.

Behaviorism ’ s objection to introspection focused much more heavily on its lack of reliability and objectivity which conflicted with behaviorism ’ s focus on measurable behavior rather than consciousness or sensation.

Typically, such conditioned responses, memorization of facts, rules, and terminology, is done through stimulation of the senses which is consistent with the Behaviorism of Condillac, 1754 / 1982, 1756 ; Itard 1801 / 1962 ; and Skinner, 1954.

* Behaviorism Psychological theory under which operant conditioning falls

Behaviorist Elliot A. Ludvig criticized Pinker's description of Behaviorism and insights into Behaviorist research.

Set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, the narrative serves as a study of the institutional process and the human mind as well as a critique of Behaviorism and a celebration of humanistic principles.

Notably, Skinner himself characterized his views as anti-reductionist: in Beyond Freedom and Dignity and other works ( e. g. About Behaviorism and chapter 19 of Verbal Behavior ), he wrote that while mental and neurological states did exist, behavior could be explained without recourse to either.

Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning.

Proponents of Behaviorism argued that language may be learned through a form of operant conditioning.

Behaviorism is the idea that all behavior can be traced to specific causes — either environmental or reflexive.

O ’ Donnell wrote The Origins of Behaviorism, where he deemed Watson ’ s views as radical calculations.

* Buckley, Kerry W. Mechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism.

Morris, Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism.

"' Not a Creature of Reason ': The Alleged Impact of Watsonian Behaviorism on Advertising in the 1920s.

Morris, Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism.

" Struggle for Scientific Authority: The Reception of Watson's Behaviorism, 1913-1920.

* Todd, James T. " What Psychology Has to Say About John B. Watson: Classical Behaviorism in Psychology Textbooks, 1920-1989.

Morris, Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism.

She was the opposite of everything she should have been -- a positive pole in a negative home, a living reaction of warmth and kindness to the harsh reality of her father.

Almost inevitably, the first result of this technological revolution was a reaction against the methods and in many cases the conclusions of the Oxford school of Stubbs, Freeman and ( particularly ) Green regarding the nature of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain.

Even before the century was out the tide of reaction had set in.

The reaction of certain City Council members to California's newest anti-secrecy laws was as dismaying as it was disappointing.

Argon was used as a blowing gas to exclude any effects of dissociation or chemical reaction.

Despite extensive attempts to obtain highly pure reagents, serious difficulty was experienced in obtaining reproducible rates of reaction.

The required amount of carbon tetrachloride was distilled into a series of reaction cells on a manifold on a vacuum line.

The contents of the manifold for liquid phase experiments were then mixed by shaking, redistributed to the reaction tubes, frozen down, and each tube was then sealed off.

The light was filtered by the soft glass window of the thermostat thus ensuring that only light absorbed by the chlorine and not by the carbon tetrachloride could enter the reaction cell.

In the liquid phase runs the amount of carbon tetrachloride in each reaction tube was determined by weighing the tube before opening and weighing the fragments after emptying.

Following observation of the fact that the reaction rates of supposedly identical reaction mixtures prepared on the same filling manifold and exposed under identical conditions often differed by several hundred per cent, a systematic series of experiments was undertaken to see whether the difficulty could be ascribed to the method of preparing the chlorine, to the effects of oxygen or moisture or to the effect of surface to volume ratio in the reaction tubes.

No detectable reaction was found at room temperature for reaction mixtures allowed to stand up to 5 hours.

The improvement was most noticeable in the greater consistency among reaction cells prepared as a group on the same manifold.

By comparing reaction cells sealed from the same manifold temperature dependency corresponding to activation energies ranging from 11 to 18 Af was observed while dependence on the first power of the light intensity seemed to be indicated in most cases.

It was possible to make estimates of the quantum yield by observing the extent of reduction of a uranyl oxalate actinometer solution illuminated for a known time in a typical reaction cell and making appropriate conversions based on the differences in the absorption spectra of uranyl oxalate and of chlorine, and considering the spectral distribution of the light source.

-- Although there was some variation in results which must be attributed either to trace impurities or to variation in wall effects, the photochemical exchange in the gas phase was sufficiently reproducible so that it seemed meaningful to compare the reaction rates in different series of reaction tubes for the purpose of obtaining information on the effect of chlorine concentration and of carbon tetrachloride concentration on the reaction rate.