The photochemical exchange occurs with a quantum yield of the order of unity in the liquid phase at 65-degrees using light absorbed only by the Af.

The contents of the manifold for liquid phase experiments were then mixed by shaking, redistributed to the reaction tubes, frozen down, and each tube was then sealed off.

-- The samples for liquid phase thermal reaction studies were prepared in Pyrex capillary tubing 2.5 mm. i.d. and about 15 cm. long.

-- In studying the liquid phase thermal reaction, some 70 tubes from 12 different manifold fillings were prepared and analyzed.

The liquid phase photochemical reaction.

The liquid phase photochemical exchange between chlorine and carbon tetrachloride was more reproducible than the thermal exchange, although still erratic.

Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same phase ( i. e. different solid, liquid or gas forms ); the changes of state between solid, liquid and gas in themselves are not considered allotropy.

The saturation temperature is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase.

If the pressure in a system remains constant ( isobaric ), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy ( heat ) is removed.

Similarly, a liquid at saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal energy is applied.

For example, if a colloid consists of a solid phase dispersed in a liquid, the solid particles will not diffuse through a membrane, whereas with a true solution the dissolved ions or molecules will diffuse through a membrane.

Shortly after, in 1869, Irish chemist Thomas Andrews studied the phase transition from a liquid to a gas and coined the term critical point to describe the instant at which a gas and a liquid were indistinguishable as phases, and Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals supplied the theoretical framework which allowed the prediction of critical behavior based on measurements at much higher temperatures.

and to study phase transitions for Néel and spin liquid ordering.

Fuels of interest often include organic compounds ( especially hydrocarbons ) in the gas, liquid or solid phase.

Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere actually happens in the gas phase.

Another commonly used basic distinction among the elements is their state of matter ( phase ), solid, liquid, or gas, at a selected standard temperature and pressure ( STP ).

For example, when liquid water starts freezing, the phase change begins with small ice crystals that grow until they fuse, forming a polycrystalline structure.

However, because of the relatively small diffusion rates in solids, the corresponding chemical reactions are very slow in comparison to liquid and gas phase reactions.

* The solvent refers to any substance capable of solubilizing another substance, and especially the liquid mobile phase in liquid chromatography.

The particles of the solid stationary phase or the support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube ( packed column ) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube ( open tubular column ).

However, the dive has taken too long for Bud to return to the top of the trench before the oxygen in the liquid runs out.

Ulmo speaks to Middle-earth with a voice heard in the sounds of Water: his spirit runs in all the liquid veins of the Earth.

The vapor condenses on the glass platforms, known as trays, inside the column, and runs back down into the liquid below, refluxing distillate.

But Miss Marple has foreseen this: she remained hidden in the garden, and when Gwenda screams she runs upstairs and disables Dr Kennedy by spraying soapy liquid into his eyes.

( The tubing is a pipe that runs to the bottom of the well through which the liquid is produced.

Diamond and Dybvig developed an influential model to explain why bank runs occur and why banks issue deposits that are more liquid than their assets.

He runs into a nearby bathroom to throw up when the killer attacks him and kills him by pouring pop rocks and liquid drain drown his throat.

In a typical phase diagram, the boundary between gas and liquid runs from the triple point to the critical point.

The amount of liquid poured into the chamber is determined by subtracting the quantity still in the beaker when the chamber is full from the original quantity.

A Btu is defined as amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one of liquid water by at a constant pressure of one atmosphere.

A column with a high reflux ratio may have fewer stages, but it refluxes a large amount of liquid, giving a wide column with a large holdup.

Emulsifiers are not effective at extinguishing large fires involving bulk / deep liquid fuels, because the amount of agent needed for extinguishment is a function of the volume of the fuel, whereas agents such as aqueous film-forming foam ( AFFF ) need cover only the surface of the fuel to achieve vapor mitigation.

The phrase " working capital " has also been used to refer to liquid assets ( money ) needed for immediate expenses linked to the production process ( to pay salaries, invoices, taxes, interests ...) Either way, the amount or nature of this type of capital usually changed during the production process.

Typical administration involves a pill or liquid containing sodium iodide ( NaI ) taken orally, which contains a small amount of iodine-131, amounting to perhaps less than a grain of salt.

The engine was technically a liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen design, but dramatically reduces the amount of oxidizer needed to be carried on board by utilising atmospheric oxygen as the spacecraft climbed through the lower atmosphere.

When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field.

Due to the cooperative nature of liquid crystal ordering, however, a small amount of chiral dopant in an otherwise achiral mesophase is often enough to select out one domain handedness, making the system overall chiral.

Medicinal liquid paraffin is used to aid bowel movement in persons suffering chronic constipation ; it passes through the gastrointestinal tract without itself being taken into the body, but it limits the amount of water removed from the stool.

Snowfall amount and its related liquid equivalent precipitation amount are determined using a variety of different rain gauges.

The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container, i. e. the amount of fluid ( gas or liquid ) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces.

The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid or solid is not affected by the amount of contact with the liquid or solid interface.

The latex is then pumped into the PE bag, which is " blown up " as the amount of liquid increases.

In more recent calorimeter designs, the whole bomb, pressurized with excess pure oxygen ( typically at 30atm ) and containing a weighed mass of a sample ( typically 1-1. 5 g ) and a small fixed amount of water ( to saturate the internal atmosphere, thus ensuring that all water produced is liquid, and removing the need to include enthalpy of vapourization in calculations ), is submerged under a known volume of water ( ca.

The liquid wax is hot and can cause skin burns, but the amount and temperature are generally rather limited and the burns are seldom serious.

: At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.

Some foods are surrounded with moisture during baking by placing a small amount of liquid ( such as water or broth ) in the bottom of a closed pan, and letting it steam up around the food, a method commonly known as braising or slow baking.

Braising ( from the French “ braiser ”) is a combination cooking method using both moist and dry heat ; typically the food is first seared at a high temperature and then finished in a covered pot with a variable amount of liquid, resulting in a particular flavor.