In Italy, the Iron Crown of Lombardy was being fought over between Guy III of Spoleto and Berengar of Friuli.

Berengar had been crowned king in 887, but Guy was in his turn crowned in 889.

The Calendar of Saints states that her first husband was poisoned by the holder of real power, his successor, Berengar of Ivrea, who attempted to cement his political power by forcing her to marry his son, Adalbert ; when she refused and fled, she was tracked down and imprisoned for four months at Como.

Soon, however, the Duke of Canossa, Alberto Uzzo, who had been advised of the rescue, arrived and carried her off to his castle, where she was besieged by Berengar.

As such he was regarded by Berengar himself and by his opponents Dietwin of Liege ( Theodwin ), Durand of Troarne, and Humbert of Mourmoutiers.

The last such Emperor was Berengar I of Italy who died in 924.

However, on the one occasion that Sergius agreed to crown Berengar in around 906, Berengar was prevented from reaching Rome by the forces of Alberic I of Spoleto and Adalbert II of Tuscany, both of whom had been supporters of Sergius, but were unhappy with his decision to support Berengar.

In the eleventh century, Berengar of Tours denied that any material change in the elements was needed to explain the Eucharistic Presence, thereby provoking a considerable stir.

Berengar of Tours ( c. 999 – January 6, 1088 ) was a French 11th century Christian theologian and Archdeacon of Angers, a scholar whose leadership of the cathedral school at Chartres set an example of intellectual inquiry through the revived tools of dialectic that was soon followed at cathedral schools of Laon and Paris, and who disputed with the Church leadership over the doctrine of transubstantiation in the Eucharist.

Berengar of Tours was born perhaps at Tours, probably in the early years of the 11th century.

Amid this chorus of praise, a discordant voice began to be heard ; it was asserted that Berengar held heretical views on the Eucharist.

Considerably greater stir was provoked by Berengar, who denied that any material change in the elements was needed to explain the Eucharistic Presence.

By the time this letter was received by Lanfranc in Rome, it had been read by several other people ; and as Berengar was not well thought of there, Lanfranc feared his association with him might prejudice his own interests, and laid the matter before the pope, Leo IX, who excommunicated Berengar at a synod after Easter, 1050, and summoned him to appear personally at another to be held at Vercelli in September.

The synod was held at Vercelli without him ; two of his friends attempted to defend him, but were arrested and condemned to the flames ; Ratramnus's book was destroyed, and Berengar was again condemned.

Berengar, fearing its purpose, avoided appearing, and the king's threats after its session had no effect, since Berengar was sheltered by Geoffrey and by Bishop Eusebius of Angers, and found numerous partisans among less prominent people.

That same year, Formosus died, leaving Lambert once again in power, and both he and Berengar killed any officials who had been put in place by Arnulf, as Ratold also fled from Milan to Bavaria.

* 1151-The Treaty of Tudilén ( or Treaty of Tudején ) is signed by Alfonso VII of León and Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona, recognising the Aragonese conquests south of the Júcar and the right to expand in and annex the Kingdom of Murcia.

Leo sent Hildebrand as his legate to Tours in France in the wake of the controversy created by Berengar of Tours.

Berengar of Tours, engraving by Hendrik Hondius I | Henrik Hondius from Jacob Verheiden, Praestantium aliquot theologorum ( 1602 ).

Probably in the early part of 1050, Berengar addressed a letter to Lanfranc, then prior of Bec Abbey in Normandy, in which he expressed his regret that Lanfranc adhered to the eucharistic teaching of Paschasius and considered the treatise of Ratramnus on the subject ( which Berengar supposed to have been written by Johannes Scotus Eriugena ) to be heretical.

Berengar of Friuli ( c. 845 – 7 April 924 ) was the Margrave of Friuli from 874 until no earlier than 890 and no later than 896, King of Italy ( as Berengar I ) from 887 ( with interruption ) until his death, and Holy Roman Emperor from 915 until his death.

The falling out between Berengar and Arnulf, who was crowned Emperor in Rome by Pope Formosus, has been likened to that between Berengar II and Otto I more than half a century later.

Further, when both Berengar and his critics used the secular disciplines of logic and grammar to express a matter of Christian doctrine, the way was open to the scholasticism of the twelfth century.

Meanwhile, Berengar brought with him troops from the northern parts of Italy, and the campaign was coordinated by John X, who took to the field in person, alongside Duke Alberic I of Spoleto.

In 923, a combination of the Italian princes brought about the defeat of Berengar, again frustrating the hopes of a united Italy, followed by his assassination in 924.

A rumour spread that Berengar had turned against the king and had brought Adalbert II of Tuscany with him.

Our knowledge of Lanfranc's polemics is chiefly derived from the tract De corpore et sanguine Domini, which he wrote many years later ( after 1079 ), when Berengar had been finally condemned.

In favor of the supposition that Eusebius changed his opinion from deference to the Count of Anjou, the decided opponent of Berengar and his doctrine, it can be adduced that he did not defend Berengar against the hostilities of the court, and that for a long time he sided with this violent prince.

Nevertheless, Berengar ’ s unwillingness to control his vassals also contributed to the papal reluctance ; when Albuinus, the Margrave of Istria began taking papal territory off John, the Archbishop of Ravenna in 907, Sergius had written to Albuinus asking for him to desist.

* Berengarius Sapiens, a designation for Berengar the Wise, the count of Toulouse ( 814-835 ) and duke of Septimania ( 832-835 )

Berengar returned to France full of remorse for this desertion of his faith and of bitterness against the pope and his opponents ; his friends were growing fewer — Geoffrey was dead and his successor hostile.

As early as 989, having been rebuffed in his search for a Byzantine princess, Hugh Capet arranged for Robert to marry the recently widowed daughter of Berengar II of Italy, Rozala, who took the name of Susannah upon becoming Queen.

In the 11th century, Berengar of Tours seized upon “ Scotus ’” book as a source for his view of the Eucharist in his debate with Lanfranc of Bec, and was summarily condemned by the local Council of Vercelli in 1050.

After Hugh died in 947, leaving his son and co-ruler Lothair on the throne as King of Italy, Liutprand became confidential secretary to the actual ruler of Italy, Berengar II, marchese d ' Ivrea, for whom he became chancellor and by whom he was sent on an embassy ( 949 ) to the Byzantine court of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus.

Nevertheless, at Waiblingen, Berengar, who by a brief feud with Liutward had lost the favour of the emperor, came in early May 887, made peace with the emperor, and compensated for the actions of the previous year by dispensing great gifts.

In 1069 the three daughters of Peter II of Carcassonne sold their rights to the Counties of Carcassonne and Razès and the Béziers and Agde to Raymond Berengar I of Barcelona for 4, 000 mancusos.

Since King Berengar had defeated and driven the Roman Emperor Louis the Blind out of Italy in 905, he had eagerly pressed for the imperial crown.

Gaucelm, Bernard's brother, was also dispossessed of the majority of his lands, but for a time kept the County of Ampurias although this too was lost to Berengar later.

However, in 941 Hugh allowed the Saracens of Fraxinetum to harass the Alpine passes for his own political ends in his struggle with Berengar of Ivrea.

This he did, but the battle they fought near Brescia in the fall was a slight victory for Berengar, though his forces were so diminished that he sued for peace nevertheless.

Arnulf, for his part, remained a staunch partisan of Berengar and it has even been suggested that he was creating a Carolingian alliance between himself and Louis of Provence, Charles III of France, and Berengar against Guy and Rudolph I of Upper Burgundy.

Berengar gathered a large army to meet them and refused their request for an armistice.

Berengar thereby cemented his position as king and ruled undisputed, except for a brief spell, until 922.

After Otto had finally deposed King Berengar II of Italy and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, a similar office was created for the Imperial Kingdom of Italy.

Lambert was preoccupied in thwarting the attempts of both Arnulf of Carinthia and Berengar of Friuli to take Italy for themselves during his reign.

He invaded Italy for a second time in 957 and many cities capitulated before him and Berengar fled.