" Heinrich Besseler has noted that the overall forces required ( leaving aside the first concerto, which was rewritten for a special occasion ) tallies exactly with the 17 players Bach had at his disposal in Köthen.

Such a distinction had always existed in music, and that some works had always been composed for specific occasions and others not ( at least since the Renaissance, in all probability ), is attested to by the work of Besseler and Nettl, who based their concepts on studies of the historical situation.

Heinrich Besseler with revisions by David Fallows.

In making this point, Besseler sought to divide all music into two distinct categories, continuing to use the word Gebrauchsmusik for one, and likening this to vernacular language, while replacing Nettl's word for the other with eigenständige Musik — alone-standing, or autonomous music.

For Besseler, “ aesthetic access ” ( Zugangsweise ) to the dance music was gained through participation, be it playing, dancing, or even singing along, rather than mere listening.

Jahrhundert, his dissertation of 1923 ), Heinrich Besseler went a step further, to imply that such utility music was socially superior, if not artistically so.

* H. Besseler, Bourdon und Fauxbourdon ( Leipzig, 1950 )

At Stettin the university-educated artist, who had studied German, was chosen to serve as interpreter and clerk in the office of the Stalag commander.

Of the latter sample, 944 persons had been studied two years earlier ; ;

Stephens had written his classic `` incidents of travel '' about these regions a hundred years before, and Catherwood, who had studied Piranesi in London and the great ruins of Egypt and Greece, had drawn the splendid illustrations that accompanied the text.

I had to confess that I had missed these frescoes, recently discovered, that he had studied in his eighties.

After a pause, during which he studied Scotty's face as if Scotty were not there and could not study him too, Mr. McKinley would ask the same questions he had asked downstairs.

When they stood about his tent, chaffing each other, exchanging their obscenities, cursing command or weather, he had studied their faces.

In all cases studied tissues of the stem on which the tumor had developed did not contain detectable amounts of WTV antigen.

Each boy opened his small mouth wide and rocked back and forth on the bench in the way his grandfather and great-grandfather had studied and prayed in the ghettos of Europe.

I had studied with Burns ten years before, during the scholarship year the Manhattan gave me, along with the five-hundred-dollar prize for my paintings of bums on Hudson Street.

he studied them, compared them with what he had been taught as a nestling, struggling to bridge between languages, the one he thought with and the one he was learning to think in.

Alhazred had been kidnapped in Damascus and brought to the Nameless City, where he had earlier studied and learned some of the Necronomicons lore.

Fibonacci, a mathematician born in the Republic of Pisa who had studied in Béjaïa ( Bougie ), Algeria, promoted the Indian numeral system in Europe with his book Liber Abaci, written in 1202:

A man with the same name as those given by the FBI turned up alive in Saudi Arabia, saying that he had studied at the University of Denver and his passport was stolen there in 1995.

There had been, however, a good deal of other evidence available before 1876, which, had it been collated and seriously studied, might have discounted the sensation that the discovery of the citadel graves eventually made.

Abbahu sent Ḥanina to the academy at Tiberias, where he himself had studied, but the lad occupied himself with the burial of the dead, and on hearing of this, the father sent him a reproachful message in this laconic style: " Is it because there are no graves in Cæsarea ( compare Exodus 14: 11 ) that I have sent thee off to Tiberias?

" It concluded, among other things, that Head Start programs designed to boost African-American IQ scores had failed, and that this was likely never to be remedied, largely because, in Jensen's estimation, 80 % of the variance in IQ in the population studied was the result of genetic factors and the remainder was due to environmental influences.

Upon graduation, he won a Rhodes Scholarship to University College, Oxford where he studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics, though because he had switched programs and had left early for Yale University, he did not receive a degree there.

The United States government, its allies, and journalists exhaustively studied the possibility that yellow rain attacks had occurred and concluded that the evidence supports the contention that trichothecene mycotoxins were used as biological warfare agents in Afghanistan and in Southeast Asia.

Yet, after Rousseau had given the social contract a new twist with his notion of the General Will, the same philosophy, it may be said, became the idea source of the French Revolution also.

Sedgwick had chosen to follow the philosophy of Epicurus whom, with his followers, Dante put in hell ; ;

Three of the four persons present, all foreign students in Tokyo, had been playing a game of judging popular Japanese foods by the In and Out system, an equation in which Zen philosophy was used as the modifier.

The nature of atoms in philosophy varied considerably over time and between cultures and schools, and often had spiritual elements.

Alcott had been influenced by educational philosophy of the Swiss pedagogue Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and even renamed his school " The Cheshire Pestalozzi School ". His style attracted the attention of Samuel Joseph May, who introduced Alcott to his sister Abby May.

In his twenty-eighth year he felt the impulse to study philosophy and was recommended to the teachers in Alexandria who then had the highest reputation ; but he came away from their lectures so depressed and full of sadness that he told his trouble to one of his friends.

He was the first who had a godly zeal for the truth in philosophy and despised the views of the majority, which were a disgrace to philosophy.

He is immediately at a loss, and knows not what to answer ... a Pyrrhonian cannot expect, that his philosophy will have any constant influence on the mind: or if it had, that its influence would be beneficial to society.

The cubists, dadaists, Stravinsky, and many later art movements struggled against this conception that beauty was central to the definition of art, with such success that, according to Danto, " Beauty had disappeared not only from the advanced art of the 1960 ’ s but from the advanced philosophy of art of that decade as well.

Published well after the restaurants ' founding in 1971, this new cookbook from the restaurant seemed to perfect the idea and philosophy that had developed over the years.

While the greatest players of the time, among them Alekhine, Emanuel Lasker and Capablanca, clearly did not allow their play to be hobbled by blind adherence to general concepts that the center had to be controlled by pawns, that development had to happen in support of this control, that rooks always belong on open files, that wing openings were unsound — core ideas of Tarrasch's chess philosophy as popularly understood — beginners were taught to think of these generalizations as unalterable principles.

Rationalism and empiricism have had many definitions, most concerned with specific schools of philosophy or groups of philosophers in particular countries, such as Germany.

Following a mystical experience in late 1654, he had his " second conversion ", abandoned his scientific work, and devoted himself to philosophy and theology.

Prior to the period of these scriptures, Mahāyāna metaphysics had been dominated by teachings on emptiness in the form of Madhyamaka philosophy.

In these sutras the perfection of the wisdom of not-self is stated to be the true self ; the ultimate goal of the path is then characterized using a range of positive language that had been used previously in Indian philosophy by essentialist philosophers, but which was now transmuted into a new Buddhist vocabulary to describe a being who has successfully completed the Buddhist path.

Arthur Schopenhauer's philosophy had some parallels in Buddhism.

In short, their philosophy was not too different from that which they had at the end of World War I.

In an " eager fumbling manner " Pasternak explained that himself and Mandelstam each had a completely different philosophy about poetry.

Bliss had a lifelong interest in the organization, structure and philosophy of knowledge and was very critical of the library classification systems that were available to him.

The remarkable development of ideas in " natural philosophy " had established itself in the public consciousness with Newton's physics taken as a paradigm: structures should be well-founded in axioms and be both well-articulated and orderly.

By the mid-to-late 13th century, the Chinese had adopted the dogma of Neo-Confucian philosophy formulated by Zhu Xi.

By the time of the Tang Dynasty five-hundred years after Buddhisms arrival into China, it had transformed into a thoroughly Chinese religious philosophy dominated by the school of Zen Buddhism.

During the Industrial and Modern Ages, Chinese philosophy had also begun to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization.