" Historian George Athan Billias argues in support of Baldwin's estimates, due in part to the corroborating admission of another British deserter.

Accounts of the lavish lifestyle he maintained on the Saratoga campaign, combined with a gentlemanly bearing and his career as a playwright led less-than-friendly contemporaries to caricature him, as historian George Billias writes, " a buffoon in uniform who bungled his assignments badly ".

However, historian George Billias observes that Howe's overly rigid adherence to his plans meant that he was unable to capitalise on the opportunities that arose during the campaign for a decisive action.

* Klein, Milton, et al., eds., The Republican Synthesis Revisited Essays in Honor of George A. Billias.

Landscape painters of the 20th century, to name a few, included: Albert Handel, Barry Hopkins, Athena Billias, Michelle Moran and Patti Ferrara.

Much of the historical record, Billias notes, is based upon these characterizations.

Billias opines that Burgoyne was a ruthless and risk-taking general with a keen perception of his opponents, and that he was also a perceptive social and political commentator.

by George Athan Billias ; by Stark, Caleb, 1804 – 1864.

Vitzthum argues that Bancroft was the historian as artist and philosopher.

Langer, however, argues that this episode played a minor role in causing the war.

Gerwarth argues that the constructed memory of Bismarck played a central role as an anti-democratic myth in the highly ideological battle over the past which raged between 1918 and 1933.

In The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment ( 1994 ), Goodman argues that many women in fact played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisians salons.

Amos Nur argues that earthquakes played a major role in the destruction of Mycenae and many other cities at the end of the Bronze Age.

Coch ( 1996 ) argues that her figurative motherhood played a central role in her complex self-representation, shaping and legitimating the personal rule of a divinely appointed female prince.

She argues that a stage direction in A Shrew seems to indicate a part to be played by the minor actor Simon Jewell, who died in August 1592.

Oliver argues that in the speech, there is no clear evidence of either seriousness or irony but instead " this lecture by Kate on the wife's duty to submit is the only fitting climax to the farce – and for that very reason it cannot logically be taken seriously, orthodox though the views expressed may be [...] attempting to take the last scene as a continuation of the realistic portrayal of character leads some modern producers to have it played as a kind of private joke between Petruchio and Kate – or even have Petruchio imply that by now he is thoroughly ashamed of himself.

In his book Wonderful Life, Stephen Jay Gould argues that if the tape of life were re-wound and played back, life would have taken a very different course.

While accepting that under Glass-Steagall financial firms could still have “ made, sold, and securitized risky mortgages, all the while fueling a massive housing bubble and building a highly leveraged, Ponzi-like pyramid of derivatives on top ,” the New Rules Project concludes that commentators who deny the GLBA played a role in the financial crisis “ fail to recognize the significance of 1999 as the pivotal policy-making moment leading up to the crash .” The Project argues 1999 was Congress ’ s opportunity to reject 25 years of “ deregulation ” and “ confront the changing financial system by reaffirming the importance of effective structural safeguards, such as the Glass-Steagall Act's firewall and market share caps to limit the size of banks ; bringing shadow banks into the regulatory framework ; and developing new rules to control the dangers inherent in derivatives and other engineered financial products .”

The most famous exposition of the theory is in Oscar Wilde's short story " The Portrait of Mr. W. H .," in which Wilde, or rather the story's narrator, describes the puns on " will " and " hues " in the sonnets, ( notably Sonnet 20 among others ), and argues that they were written to a seductive young actor named Willie Hughes who played female roles in Shakespeare's plays.

Historian Wilson D. Miscamble argues that Kennan played a critical role in shaping the foreign policies of the Truman administration.

Russett ( 1995 ) replies to Layne by re-examining some of the crises studied in his article, and reaching different conclusions ; Russett argues that perceptions of democracy prevented escalation, or played a major role in doing so.

Seán O ' Mathuna argues in his 1981 study that Ring Forts played a vital part in ancient Irish mating rituals.

Johnson put special emphasis on the critical role played by local newspapers, which, he argues, " reflect the values of the residents and businesses, challenge assumptions and shine a light on our imperfections and aspirations.

In addition, the FSF also argues that " GNU / Linux recognizes the role that our idealism played in building our community, and helps the public recognize the practical importance of these ideals ", in contrast to the focus on " technical advantage " rather than " freedom " of the Linux kernel developers.

Recent scholarship argues that the Europeans could have developed the rice culture on their own and that African knowledge played a minor role in the success of its cultivation as a commodity crop.

Dorney argues that, with few exceptions, the Australian media pays scant attention to Australia's former colony unless there is high drama, such as during the Sandline crisis in March 1997, or a disaster relief effort, such as when the Australian Defence Force played a high-profile role during the drought induced famine of 1997-98 ( 1998, p15 ).

He argues this played a significant role in forcing the government of then President Leonid Kuchma to acquiesce to a new poll when the official results of the first varied materially from the exit surveys.

Thabit argues that landlords and real estate agents played a significant role in the downturn of the area.

Professor M. Kato argues that the castle derives its name from the Latin Belvirum terrore, am allusion to the 12th century Croydon-based Baron de Belvir-Kato argues that his fearful reputation for the torture of captives played a major role in the construction of an identity for the Knights Hospitallier.

My master is my light "; Amelia Howe Kritzer argues that he is played by a white man because " the reversal exposes the rupture in Joshua's identity caused by his internalization of colonial values ".

Wittowsky argues that not enough critics have taken the time to focus directly on the mercantilism and theories of labor in 18th century England.

On this basis, he argues that ethics must focus on ' dialectically integrating opposites ' and balancing tension, rather than seeking a priori validation or certainty.

Hummel argues that the Austrian explanation of the business cycle fails on empirical grounds.

He argues that this casts doubt on the notion that recessions are caused by a reallocation of resources from industrial production to consumption, since he argues that the Austrian business cycle theory implies that net investment should be below zero during recessions.

The Exodus Rabbah argues that when the Pharaoh instructed midwives to throw male children into the Nile, Amram divorced Jochebed, who was three months pregnant with Moses at the time, arguing that there was no justification for the Israelite men to father children if they were just to be killed ; however, the text goes on to state that Miriam, his daughter, chided him for his lack of care for his wife's feelings, persuading him to recant and marry Jochebed again.

He also argues that alternative conceptions of morality exist which do not rely on the assumptions that Kant makes – he cites utilitarianism as an example which does not require the summum bonum.

She argues that slavery allowed white society to stereotype white women as the pure goddess virgin and move black women to the seductive whore stereotype formerly placed on all women.

Kiernan ( 1996 ) argues on the basis of paleographical and codicological evidence, that the poem is contemporary with the manuscript.

The historian Walter Goffart argues that Bede based the structure of the Historia on three works, using them as the framework around which the three main sections of the work were structured.

The midrashic book of Jasher argues that prior to revealing his identity, Joseph asked Benjamin to find his missing brother ( i. e. Joseph ) via astrology, using an astrolabe-like tool ; it continues by stating that Benjamin divined that the man on the throne was Joseph, so Joseph identified himself to Benjamin ( but not the other brothers ), and revealed his scheme ( as in the Torah ) to test how fraternal the other brothers were.

Frieser, in agreement with Overy, Cooper and others that reject the existence of a blitzkrieg doctrine, argues that after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan in 1914, the German Army came to the conclusion decisive battles could not be executed on a strategic level.

Universities may try to create community through all freshman reads, freshman seminars, and school pride ; however, Nathan argues students will only form communities based on the attributes, such as age and pop culture, that they bring with them to college.

There have been attempts at categorizing this fictional group of beings, and Phillip A. Schreffler argues that by carefully scrutinizing Lovecraft's writings a workable framework emerges that outlines the entire " pantheon " – from the unreachable " Outer Ones " ( e. g. Azathoth, who apparently occupies the centre of the universe ) and " Great Old Ones " ( e. g. Cthulhu, imprisoned on Earth in the sunken city of R ' lyeh ) to the lesser castes ( the lowly slave shoggoths and the Mi-go ).

John Rawls, a critic of utilitarianism, argues that utilitarianism, in common with other forms of consequentialism, relies on the perspective of such an ideal observer.

Edward Bishop Elliott, in the Horae Apocalypticae ( 1862 ), argues that John wrote the book in exile on Patmos " at the close of the reign of Domitian ; that is near the end of the year 95 or beginning of 96 ".

When the human main character, Takeru, argues that humans also have the ability to reproduce and disperse, the higher existence says carbon too easily mingles with other elements and therefore it would be impossible for a carbon-based existence to have evolved on its own.

Clement argues for the absolute equality of sexes, on the grounds that salvation is extended to all of mankind equally.

David Alexander argues that any earlier declines were simply part of the global Long Depression, and that the Maritimes first fell behind the rest of Canada when the great boom period of the early twentieth century had little effect on the region.

Citing Paul Ricoeur, McGinn argues that a distinctive characteristic of the Hebrew Bible is its " reinterpretation of myth on the basis of history ".

In terms of values, Leeming contrasts " the myth of Jesus " with the myths of other " Christian heroes such as St. George, Roland, el Cid, and even King Arthur "; the latter hero myths, Leeming argues, reflect the survival of pre-Christian heroic values —" values of military dominance and cultural differentiation and hegemony "— more than the values expressed in the Christ story. Pomors often depicted Sirin s on the illustrations in the Book of Genesis as birds sitting in paradise trees.

The keyboard writing seems unsuited to organ, but Speerstra argues that they are idiomatic on the pedal clavichord.

A new take on Catharism in Languedoc — argues against any kind of doctrinal unity of mid-13th-century Cathars.

Dan Bahat, the former city archaeologist of Jerusalem, regards them as unsatisfactory, as there is no known Temple of Aphrodite matching Corbo's design, and no archaeological evidence for Corbo's suggestion that the Temple Building was on a platform raised high enough to avoid including anything sited where the Aedicule is now ; indeed Bahat notes that many temples to Aphrodite have a rotunda-like design, and argues that there is no archaeological reason to assume that the present rotunda wasn't based on a rotunda in the temple previously on the site.