Gerwarth ( 2007 ) shows that the Bismarck myth, built up predominantly during his years of retirement and even more stridently after his death, proved a powerful rhetorical and ideological tool.

* Gerwarth, Robert.

Robert Gerwarth ( Oxford, 2007 ), pp. 210 – 36.

In her work on abjection, she structures subjectivity upon the abjection of the mother and argues that the way in which an individual excludes ( or abjects ) their mother as means of forming an identity is similar to the way in which societies are constructed.

Arendt argues that, while human life always evolves within societies, the social-being part of human nature, political life, was intentionally constructed by only a few of these societies as a space for individuals to achieve freedom through the construction of a common world.

Many of the problems of Robert III ’ s rule, Boardman argues, stemmed from the death of his brother-in-law and close ally James, earl of Douglas at Otterburnn in 1388 when his deliberately constructed and powerful affinity south of the Forth crumbled.

Instead, Liang argues that the notion of the author as a unique and transcendent being, possessing originality of spirit, was constructed in Europe after the industrial revolution, to distinguish the personality of the author from the expanding realm of mass produced goods.

" Constructivism argues that international reality is socially constructed by cognitive structures which give meaning to the material world.

Ian Hacking, having examined a wide range of books and articles with titles of the form " The social construction of X " or " Constructing X ", argues that when something is said to be " socially constructed ", this is shorthand for at least the following two claims:

Furthermore, he argues that, if the second reading is taken, there need not always be a conflict between saying that quarks are " socially constructed " and saying that they are " real ".

Only one researcher, folklorist Judith Neulander, has been skeptical of the authenticity of the Jewish ancestry of Hispanos of the Southwest, she argues that these remembered traditions could be those of Ashkenazi, not Sephardi, Jews and may possibly be constructed memories due to suggestion by proponents.

American author Acharya S in The Christ Conspiracy: The Greatest Story Ever Sold ( 1999 ) argues that Jesus and Christianity were created by members of various secret societies, mystery schools and religions to unify the Roman Empire under one state religion, and that these people drew on numerous myths and rituals which existed previously and then constructed them into Christianity that exists today.

As the Wittgensteinian philosopher Gavin Kitching argues, however, constructivists usually implicitly presuppose a deterministic view of language which severely constrains the minds and use of words by members of societies: they are not just " constructed " by language on this view, but are literally " determined " by it.

Stephen Gudeman, for example, argues that the central processes of making a livelihood are culturally constructed.

Rather than recognizing great creative works as possible sources of energy, she argues, contemporary critics were all too often taking art's transcendental power for granted, and focusing instead on their own intellectually constructed abstractions like " form " and " content.

Lembcke's book argues, further, that posttraumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is a socially constructed diagnostic category that disparages the image of Vietnam veterans and provided another way to discredit the many veterans in the anti-war movement.

This genetic change, which endowed the human mind with the property of discrete infinity, Chomsky argues, essentially amounts to a jump from being able to count up to N, where N is a fixed number, to being able to count indefinitely ( i. e. if N can be constructed then so can N + 1 ).

MacKinnon argues that women's sexuality is socially constructed by male dominance and the sexual domination of women by men is a primary source of the general social subordination of women.

She argues that it constructed the women's liberation movement as the source of many of the problems alleged to be plaguing women in the late 1980s.

She also argues that many of these problems are illusory, constructed by the media without reliable evidence.

Butler argues that this does not allow for a sufficient criticism of essentialism: though recognizing that gender is a social construct, feminists assume it's always constructed in the same way.

Rubin argues that historical patterns of female oppression have constructed this role for women in capitalist societies.

In the book, Wolf argues that " beauty " as a normative value is entirely socially constructed, and that the patriarchy determines the content of that construction with the goal of reproducing its own hegemony.

The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering is a 2000 book by Norman G. Finkelstein that argues that the American Jewish establishment exploits the memory of the Nazi Holocaust for political and financial gain, as well as to further the interests of Israel.

In a different context, Long argues, these discrepancies would probably be considered minor, but given the extraordinary claims made by Patterson and Gimlin, any apparent disagreements in perception or memory are worth noting.

They formed the special-mechanism hypothesis, which argues for the existence of a special biological memory mechanism that, when triggered by an event exceeding critical levels of surprise and consequentiality, creates a permanent record of the details and circumstances surrounding the experience.

In his book Beowulf and Grendel, he argues that the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf is based on a memory of the quelling of this fertility cult by followers of Odin.

In his book Lisburn Cathedral and Its Past Rectors ( 1926 ), Rev W P Carmody argues " This seems to be most improbable ; after twenty years the burning would be a memory, and the loyal people of the town would not be disposed to give it a name that would be forever reminiscent of its destruction by rebels ".

Historian Michael Marquardt argues that the evidence suggests the organization occurred in Manchester, and that the confusion was likely due to the effect of memory tending to conflate memories of several meetings in Manchester and Fayette years earlier Critics suggest that the location of the organization was intentionally changed in 1834 around the same time the church's name was changed to the " Church of the Latter Day Saints ", in order to make it seem like the new church organization was different from the " Church of Christ ", as a tactic to frustrate the church's creditors and avoid payment of debts.

( 2005 ), who argue that there are dissociations between immediate and long-term recency phenomena that cannot be explained by a single-component memory model, and who argues for the existence of a STS that explains immediate recency, and a second mechanism based on contextual drift that explains long-term recency.

He argues that these features of human memory are not necessarily bad, and that they actually serve a useful purpose in memory.

In an earlier essay, Morris argues that in the wake of Larry Kramer's " outing " of Lincoln, the Lincoln Establishment engaged in " mnemonicide ", or the assassination of a threatening counter memory, including the methodologically flawed but widely appropriated case against the " gay Lincoln thesis " by David Herbert Donald in his book We Are Lincoln Men.

Chomsky argues that only under an idealized situation whereby the speaker-hearer is unaffected by grammatically irrelevant conditions such as memory limitations and distractions will performance be a direct reflection of competence.

Unlike symbolic definitions of ornament, which are rooted in a homogeneous concept of society, Moussavi ’ s definition of ornament argues that in a contemporary plural society – which lacks a common cultural memory – built forms can connect with different individuals in different ways through their affects, thereby producing different subjectivities.

Kripke argues that the way that proper names work is that when we make statements about what might or might not have been true of Bismarck, we are talking about what might or might not have been true of that particular person in various situations, whereas when we make statements about what might or might not have been true of, say, the first Chancellor of the German Empire we could be talking about what might or might not have been true of whoever would have happened to fill that office in those situations.

Langer, however, argues that this episode played a minor role in causing the war.

In The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment ( 1994 ), Goodman argues that many women in fact played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisians salons.

Amos Nur argues that earthquakes played a major role in the destruction of Mycenae and many other cities at the end of the Bronze Age.

Coch ( 1996 ) argues that her figurative motherhood played a central role in her complex self-representation, shaping and legitimating the personal rule of a divinely appointed female prince.

She argues that a stage direction in A Shrew seems to indicate a part to be played by the minor actor Simon Jewell, who died in August 1592.

Oliver argues that in the speech, there is no clear evidence of either seriousness or irony but instead " this lecture by Kate on the wife's duty to submit is the only fitting climax to the farce – and for that very reason it cannot logically be taken seriously, orthodox though the views expressed may be [...] attempting to take the last scene as a continuation of the realistic portrayal of character leads some modern producers to have it played as a kind of private joke between Petruchio and Kate – or even have Petruchio imply that by now he is thoroughly ashamed of himself.

In his book Wonderful Life, Stephen Jay Gould argues that if the tape of life were re-wound and played back, life would have taken a very different course.

Billias argues Bancroft played on four recurring themes to explain how America developed its unique values: providence, progress, patria, and pan-democracy.

While accepting that under Glass-Steagall financial firms could still have “ made, sold, and securitized risky mortgages, all the while fueling a massive housing bubble and building a highly leveraged, Ponzi-like pyramid of derivatives on top ,” the New Rules Project concludes that commentators who deny the GLBA played a role in the financial crisis “ fail to recognize the significance of 1999 as the pivotal policy-making moment leading up to the crash .” The Project argues 1999 was Congress ’ s opportunity to reject 25 years of “ deregulation ” and “ confront the changing financial system by reaffirming the importance of effective structural safeguards, such as the Glass-Steagall Act's firewall and market share caps to limit the size of banks ; bringing shadow banks into the regulatory framework ; and developing new rules to control the dangers inherent in derivatives and other engineered financial products .”

The most famous exposition of the theory is in Oscar Wilde's short story " The Portrait of Mr. W. H .," in which Wilde, or rather the story's narrator, describes the puns on " will " and " hues " in the sonnets, ( notably Sonnet 20 among others ), and argues that they were written to a seductive young actor named Willie Hughes who played female roles in Shakespeare's plays.

Historian Wilson D. Miscamble argues that Kennan played a critical role in shaping the foreign policies of the Truman administration.

Russett ( 1995 ) replies to Layne by re-examining some of the crises studied in his article, and reaching different conclusions ; Russett argues that perceptions of democracy prevented escalation, or played a major role in doing so.

Seán O ' Mathuna argues in his 1981 study that Ring Forts played a vital part in ancient Irish mating rituals.

Johnson put special emphasis on the critical role played by local newspapers, which, he argues, " reflect the values of the residents and businesses, challenge assumptions and shine a light on our imperfections and aspirations.

In addition, the FSF also argues that " GNU / Linux recognizes the role that our idealism played in building our community, and helps the public recognize the practical importance of these ideals ", in contrast to the focus on " technical advantage " rather than " freedom " of the Linux kernel developers.

Recent scholarship argues that the Europeans could have developed the rice culture on their own and that African knowledge played a minor role in the success of its cultivation as a commodity crop.

Dorney argues that, with few exceptions, the Australian media pays scant attention to Australia's former colony unless there is high drama, such as during the Sandline crisis in March 1997, or a disaster relief effort, such as when the Australian Defence Force played a high-profile role during the drought induced famine of 1997-98 ( 1998, p15 ).

He argues this played a significant role in forcing the government of then President Leonid Kuchma to acquiesce to a new poll when the official results of the first varied materially from the exit surveys.

Thabit argues that landlords and real estate agents played a significant role in the downturn of the area.

Professor M. Kato argues that the castle derives its name from the Latin Belvirum terrore, am allusion to the 12th century Croydon-based Baron de Belvir-Kato argues that his fearful reputation for the torture of captives played a major role in the construction of an identity for the Knights Hospitallier.

My master is my light "; Amelia Howe Kritzer argues that he is played by a white man because " the reversal exposes the rupture in Joshua's identity caused by his internalization of colonial values ".