Bistability can only arise in biological and chemical systems if three necessary conditions are fulfilled: positive feedback, a mechanism to filter out small stimuli and a mechanism to prevent explosions.

Bistability is a fundamental phenomenon in nature.

Bistability is key for understanding basic phenomena of cellular functioning, such as decision-making processes in cell cycle progression, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis.

Bistability is often accompanied by hysteresis.

Bistability can be modified to be more robust and to tolerate significant changes in concentrations of reactants, while still maintaining its " switch-like " character.

Bistability can be generated by a positive feedback loop with an ultrasensitive regulatory step.

The design of a mechanical interlocking frame is much like a mechanical puzzle, but once understood, the principles can be applied to any track and signal arrangement.

Power analysis is often applied in the context of ANOVA in order to assess the probability of successfully rejecting the null hypothesis if we assume a certain ANOVA design, effect size in the population, sample size and significance level.

Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way it may be considered design instead of art, or contrariwise these may be defended as art forms, perhaps called applied art.

Artillery may also refer to a system of applied scientific research relating to the design, manufacture and employment of artillery weapon systems although, in general, the terms ballistics and ordnance are more commonly employed in this sense.

1990s architects such as William McDonough and Ken Yeang applied environmentally responsible building design to large commercial buildings, such as office buildings, making them largely self-sufficient in energy production.

Retrosynthetic analysis can be applied to design a complex synthesis reaction.

The technology of manipulating electron beams pioneered in these early tubes was applied practically in the design of vacuum tubes, particularly in the invention of the cathode ray tube by Ferdinand Braun in 1897. and is today employed in sophisticated devices such as electron microscopes, electron beam lithography, and particle accelerators.

The word " design " is often considered ambiguous, as it is applied differently in a varying contexts.

A drawing for a booster engine for steam locomotive s. Engineering is applied to design, with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science.

How much science is applied in a design is a question of what is considered " science ".

The Alpha chips showed that manual circuit design applied to a simpler, cleaner architecture allowed for much higher operating frequencies than those that were possible with the more automated design systems.

Expander constructions have spawned research in pure and applied mathematics, with several applications to complexity theory, design of robust computer networks, and the theory of error-correcting codes.

Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., a British firm, who were rewarded with the first commercially applied computer, LEO I, based on the EDSAC design.

The success of these Dunkirker vessels influenced the ship design of the Dutch and other navies contending with them but because most regular navies required ships of greater endurance than the Dunkirker frigates could provide, the term was soon applied less exclusively to any relatively fast and elegant sail-only war ship.

These were first created in the 1th century although the design will not be applied to guns until the 16th century.

" Graffiti " is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface.

Notable names in mid-century modern design include Adrian Frutiger, designer of the typefaces Univers and Frutiger ; Paul Rand, who, from the late 1930s until his death in 1996, took the principles of the Bauhaus and applied them to popular advertising and logo design, helping to create a uniquely American approach to European minimalism while becoming one of the principal pioneers of the subset of graphic design known as corporate identity ; and Josef Müller-Brockmann, who designed posters in a severe yet accessible manner typical of the 1950s and 1970s era.

Graphic design is also applied to layout and formatting of educational material to make the information more accessible and more readily understandable.

Graphic design is applied in the entertainment industry in decoration, scenery, and visual story telling.

Before any graphic elements may be applied to a design, the graphic elements must be originated by means of visual art skills.

Graphic design principles may be applied to each graphic art element individually as well as to the final composition.

It was " intended to afford a medium for the presentation and analysis of any and all questions of interest or importance in pure and applied Mathematics, embracing especially all new and interesting discoveries in theoretical and practical astronomy, mechanical philosophy, and engineering ".

The covalent energy of a bond is approximately, by quantum mechanical calculations, the geometric mean of the two energies of covalent bonds of the same molecules ( which is approximately equal to the arithmetic mean-which is applied in the first formula above-as the energies are of the similar value, except for the highly electropositive elements i. e. when there is a larger difference of two dissociation energies, but the geometric mean is more accurate and almost always gives a positive excess energy, due to ionic bonding ), and there is an additional energy that comes from ionic factors, i. e. polar character of the bond.

Cyclic processes that are not electrical in nature, such as the rotation rate of a shaft, mechanical vibrations, or sound waves, can be converted to a repetitive electronic signal by transducers and the signal applied to a frequency counter.

He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.

If a and b are distances from the fulcrum to points A and B and if force F < sub > A </ sub > applied to A is the input force and F < sub > B </ sub > exerted at B is the output, the ratio of the velocities of points A and B is given by a / b, so the ratio of the output force to the input force, or mechanical advantage, is given by

From the point of view of material modelling, masonry is a special material of extreme mechanical properties ( with a very high ratio between strength in compression and in tension ), so that the applied loads do not diffuse as they do in elastic bodies, but tend to percolate along lines of high stiffness, see the figure on the right and watch a video for more details.

When pressure is applied and the corpuscle is deformed, mechanical stimulus is transferred to the axon, which fires.

In the food industry, where it may be called " wax ", it can be used as a lubricant in mechanical mixing, applied to baking tins to ensure that loaves are easily released when cooked and as a coating for fruit or other items requiring a " shiny " appearance for sale.

Piezoelectricity () is the charge that accumulates in certain solid materials ( notably crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins ) in response to applied mechanical stress.

The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect ( the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied mechanical force ) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect ( the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field ).

Piezoelectricity may then manifest in a variation of the polarization strength, its direction or both, with the details depending on 1. the orientation of P within the crystal, 2. crystal symmetry and 3. the applied mechanical stress.

In a piezoelectric device, mechanical stress, instead of an externally applied voltage, causes the charge separation in the individual atoms of the material,.

All those genes are involved in ECM remodeling, thus suggesting that mechanical forces applied to the tissue, alter the expression levels of ECM related genes, which in turn allow the cells present in the tissue to regulate the ECM constituent synthesis, thus affecting the tissue ’ s composition, structure, and biomechanical properties.

The resultant fate depends on whether the critical defect size was exceeded which in turn depends on the applied field, local mechanical stress and bilayer edge energy.

Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) is the name given to a physical resonance phenomenon involving the observation of specific quantum mechanical magnetic properties of an atomic nucleus in the presence of an applied, external magnetic field.

The dependence of the current density on the applied electric field is essentially quantum mechanical in nature ; ( see Classical and quantum conductivity.

In the second part of his 1924 thesis, de Broglie used the equivalence of the mechanical principle of least action with Fermat's optical principle: " Fermat's principle applied to phase waves is identical to Maupertuis ' principle applied to the moving body ; the possible dynamic trajectories of the moving body are identical to the possible rays of the wave.

Inflatable pads were applied to Julian Glover's forehead and cheeks that made his eyes seem to recede during the character's initial decomposing, as well as a mechanical wig that grew his hair.