Bob Black is best known for " The Abolition of Work " ( 1985 ), a widely reprinted and translated essay ( first widely circulated, in fact, as an insert in Anarchy in 1986 ), but for Anarchy he has mainly contributed critiques of leftists and anarcho-leftists such as Ward Churchill, Fred Woodworth, Chaz Bufe, Murray Bookchin, the Platformists and most recently AK Press.

Bob Black wrote a rejoinder to Bookchin in Anarchy after Leftism.

Black has reiterated this interpretation of the ethnographic record, this time with citations and references, in " Primitive Affluence ," reprinted in his book " Friendly Fire " ( Autonomedia 1994 ), and in " Nightmares of Reason " ( a critique of Murray Bookchin posted at TheAnarchistLibrary. org ).

Bookchin sets his social anarchism in opposition to individualist, primitivist and post-modern forms of anarchism ( represented, he maintains, by such anarchist philosophers as John Zerzan and Hakim Bey ).< Ref > It has provoked criticism from anarchist writers like Bob Black and John Clark, who view Bookchin's polemic as misguided.

* Janet Biehl and Murray Bookchin, The Politics of Social Ecology: Libertarian Municipalism ( Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1998 ), ISBN 551641003, ISBN 9781551641003

Black Rose was the title of a respected journal of anarchist ideas published in the Boston area during the 1970s, as well as the name of an anarchist lecture series addressed by notable anarchist and libertarian socialists ( including Murray Bookchin and Noam Chomsky ) into the 1990s.

Yet when it has come to the use of the term " post-left anarchism ," Munson has been an open supporter, though that term was created and popularized by Bob Black in polemical response to Bookchin for writing " Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism.

Beginning in 1997, Bob Black became involved in a debate sparked by the work of anarchist and founder of the Institute for Social Ecology Murray Bookchin, an outspoken critic of the post-left anarchist tendency.

Though he does not refer directly to Black's work ( an omission which Black interprets as symptomatic ), Bookchin clearly has Black's rejection of work as an implicit target when he criticises authors such as John Zerzan and Dave Watson, whom he controversially labels part of the same tendency.

Black accuses Bookchin of moralism, which in post-left anarchism, refers to the imposition of abstract categories on reality in ways which twist and repress desires ( as distinct from " ethics ", which is an ethos of living similar to Friedrich Nietzsche's call for an ethic " beyond good and evil "), and of " puritanism ", a variant of this.

He alleges that Bookchin adopts a " work ethic ", and that his favored themes, such as the denunciation of Yuppies, actually repeat themes in mass consumer culture, and that he fails to analyze the social basis of capitalist " selfishness "; instead, Black calls for an enlightened " selfishness " which is simultaneously social, as in Max Stirner's work.

Bookchin never replied to Black ’ s critiques in full, which the latter continued in such essays as " Withered Anarchism ," " An American in Paris ," and " Murray Bookchin and the Witch-Doctors.

Bookchin, as noted by Black in Nightmares of Reason, eventually came to reject anarchism as having “ always been ” essentially individualistic and ineffective, despite his self-professed attempts to rescue it ; in its stead, he founded a new libertarian socialist ideology of his own, which he called " Communalism ".

Murray Bookchin has identified post-left anarchy as a form of individualist anarchism in Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm where he identifies " a shift among Euro-American anarchists away from social anarchism and toward individualist or lifestyle anarchism.

Murray Bookchin has put it this way " what of the syndicalist ideal of " collectivized " self-managed enterprises that are coordinated by like occupations on a national level and coordinated geographically by " collectives " on a local level ?... Here, the traditional socialist criticism of this syndicalist form of economic management is not without its point: the corporate or private capitalist, " worker-controlled " or not "” ironically, a technique in the repertoire of industrial management that is coming very much into vogue today as " workplace democracy " and " employee ownership " and constitutes no threat whatever to private property and capitalism ... In any case, " economic democracy " has not simply meant " workplace democracy " and " employee ownership.

Arthur Verslius said, " Bookchin ... describes himself as a ' social anarchist ' because he looks forward to a ( gentle ) societal revolution .... Bookchin has lit out after those whom he terms ' lifestyle anarchists.

Some, like Murray Bookchin, argue that capitalism has already been superseded: in a modern information society the old industrial system is a thing of the past, and the reference to capitalism is an anachronism ( although Marx never defined capitalism as being purely industrial ).

Murray Bookchin has identified post-left anarchy as a form of individualist anarchism in Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm where he says he identifies " a shift among Euro-American anarchists away from social anarchism and toward individualist or lifestyle anarchism.

It has given grants to over 40 writers, including Lorenzo Komboa Ervin, Peter Lamborn Wilson, Murray Bookchin and Saul Newman in addition to many lesser known authors.

Her work has been strongly criticised by anarchist academics including Bryan Caplan and Murray Bookchin for the allegedly poor quality of its research and presentation.

In 1987, as the keynote speaker at the first gathering of the U. S. Greens in Amherst, Massachusetts, Bookchin initiated a critique of deep ecology, indicting it for misanthropy, neo-Malthusianism, biocentricism, and irrationalism.

Murray BookchinSocial ecology is closely related to the work and ideas of Murray Bookchin and influenced by anarchist Peter Kropotkin.

Another notable anarchist work directed at Bookchin's perspective is David Watson's Beyond Bookchin.

In Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm, Murray Bookchin included Bey's work in what he called " lifestyle anarchism ", which he criticised for tendencies towards mysticism, occultism, and irrationalism.

Murray Bookchin and Leon Kass both referred to Hans Jonas's work as major, or primary, inspiration.

He argues that Bookchin believes labour to be essential to humans, and thus is opposed to the abolition of work.

Bookchin reports that at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th " it was in times of severe social repression and deadening social quiescence that individualist anarchists came to the foreground of libertarian activity – and then primarily as terrorists.

Bookchin later developed a political philosophy to complement social ecology which he called " Communalism " ( spelled with a capital " C " to differentiate it from other forms of communalism ).

A pioneer in the ecology movement, Bookchin was the founder of the social ecology movement within anarchist, libertarian socialist and ecological thought.

In 1995, Bookchin lamented the decline of American anarchism into primitivism, anti-technologism, neo-situationism, individual self-expression, and " ad hoc adventurism ," at the expense of forming a social movement.

In the essay “ What is Social Ecology ?” Bookchin summarizes the meaning of social ecology as follows:

Starting in the 1970s, Bookchin argued that the arena for libertarian social change should be the municipal level.

Social ecology is associated with the ideas and works of Murray Bookchin, who had written on such matters from the 1950s until his death, and, from the 1960s, had combined these issues with revolutionary social anarchism.

* Murray Bookchin ( American social philosopher )

Another strong influence on the organization was the " Free Society " collective which was influenced by the social ecology theories of Murray Bookchin.

The unbridgeable chasm of the book's title is between individual " autonomy "-which for Bookchin is a bourgeois illusion-and social " freedom ", which implies direct democracy, municipalism, and leftist concerns with social opportunities.

Influential American anarchists include Josiah Warren, Henry David Thoreau, Lysander Spooner, Lucy Parsons, Murray Rothbard, Benjamin Tucker, Voltairine de Cleyre, Johann Most, Luigi Galleani, Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, social ecologist Murray Bookchin, Paul Goodman, and linguist Noam Chomsky.

Murray Bookchin ( January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006 ) was an American anarchist, political and social philosopher, environmentalist / conservationist, atheist, speaker, and writer.

A pioneer in the ecology movement, Bookchin was the founder of the social ecology movement within libertarian socialist and ecological thought.

In a broad sense, people who may share with " traditional socialism a distrust of the market, of private investment, and of the achievement ethic, and a commitment to expansion of the welfare state " might sometimes be described as “ left-libertarians .” More narrowly, some social anarchists and libertarian socialists, including Murray Bookchin, are sometimes characterized as “ left-libertarian .”, and Noam Chomsky, who identifies as a “ libertarian socialist ,” applies the “ left-libertarian ” label to himself.

As such Murray Bookchin describes a lot of individualist anarchism as people who " expressed their opposition in uniquely personal forms, especially in fiery tracts, outrageous behavior, and aberrant lifestyles in the cultural ghettos of fin de siecle New York, Paris, and London.

Philosopher Murray Bookchin criticized individualist anarchism for its opposition to democracy and its embrace of " lifestylism " at the expense of class struggle.

Bookchin claimed that individualist anarchism supports only negative liberty and rejects the idea of positive liberty.

Social anarchists, including Murray Bookchin, anarcho-communists such as Peter Kropotkin and anarcho-collectivists such as Mikhail Bakunin, are sometimes called left-libertarian.

Anarchist writer Murray Bookchin describes a lot of individualist anarchism as people who " expressed their opposition in uniquely personal forms, especially in fiery tracts, outrageous behavior, and aberrant lifestyles in the cultural ghettos of fin de sicle New York, Paris, and London.

Murray Bookchin was also part of the anarchist stream of the New Left, as were the Yippies.

Press, 1996 ), a more or less point-by-point rebuttal of Murray Bookchin, " Social Anarchism: An Unbridgable Chasm " ( A. K.

Black's other recent interest, which grew out of his polemics with Bookchin, is the relation of democracy to anarchism.

For Bookchin, democracy — the " direct democracy " of face-to-face assemblies of citizens — is anarchism.

Social Ecology is an idea attributed to Murray Bookchin, who argued that in order to save the environment, human society needed to copy the structure of nature and decentralize both socially and economically.

Freedom Press have published titles by Clifford Harper, Vernon Richards, Dennis Gould, Nicolas Walter, Colin Ward, Murray Bookchin, Gaston Leval, William Blake, Errico Malatesta, Harold Barclay and many others, including 118 issues of the journals Anarchy, edited by Colin Ward and 43 issues of The Raven.

Notable contemporary writers espousing green anarchism include those critical of technology such as Derrick Jensen, George Draffan, and John Zerzan ; the techno-positive Murray Bookchin ; and others including Alan Carter.

In his essay " Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm ", Murray Bookchin directed criticism from an anarchist point of view at Zerzan's anti-civilisational and anti-technological perspective.

Bob Black's Anarchy After Leftism is a known book within primitivist circles, written as a rebuttal to Bookchin.

Aside from Murray Bookchin, several other anarchist critiques of Zerzan's primitivist philosophies exist.

Murray Bookchin ( January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006 ) was an American libertarian socialist author, orator, and philosopher.

Bookchin was an anti-capitalist and vocal advocate of the decentralisation of society along ecological and democratic lines.