To achieve this " post-scarcity " society, Bookchin developed a theory of ecological decentralism.

Anarchist philosopher Murray Bookchin developed dialectical naturalism out of a combination of Marxist and Hegelian dialectics, and Kropotkin's biological outlook.

Libertarian municipalism is a political program developed by libertarian socialist theorist Murray Bookchin, to create democratic citizens ' assemblies in towns and urban neighborhoods.

Bookchin wrote and published Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm, labeling post-left anarchists and others as " lifestyle anarchists "-thus following up a theme developed in his Philosophy of Social Ecology.

In From Urbanization to Cities ( originally published in 1986 as The Rise of Urbanization and the Decline of Citizenship ), Bookchin traced the democratic traditions that influenced his political philosophy and defined the implementation of the libertarian municipalism concept.

In addition to his political writings, Bookchin wrote extensively on philosophy, calling his ideas dialectical naturalism.

While Bookchin long placed libertarian municipalism within the framework of political Anarchism, in the late 1990s he broke with anarchism and in his final essay, " The Communalist Project " ( 2003 ), identified libertarian municipalism as the main component of Communalism.

Murray Bookchin ( January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006 ) was an American anarchist, political and social philosopher, environmentalist / conservationist, atheist, speaker, and writer.

Social ecology is a philosophy founded by radical Green author and activist Murray Bookchin.

Bookchin reports that at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th " it was in times of severe social repression and deadening social quiescence that individualist anarchists came to the foreground of libertarian activity – and then primarily as terrorists.

Murray Bookchin has identified post-left anarchy as a form of individualist anarchism in Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm where he identifies " a shift among Euro-American anarchists away from social anarchism and toward individualist or lifestyle anarchism.

A pioneer in the ecology movement, Bookchin was the founder of the social ecology movement within anarchist, libertarian socialist and ecological thought.

In 1995, Bookchin lamented the decline of American anarchism into primitivism, anti-technologism, neo-situationism, individual self-expression, and " ad hoc adventurism ," at the expense of forming a social movement.

Arthur Verslius said, " Bookchin ... describes himself as a ' social anarchist ' because he looks forward to a ( gentle ) societal revolution .... Bookchin has lit out after those whom he terms ' lifestyle anarchists.

In the essay “ What is Social Ecology ?” Bookchin summarizes the meaning of social ecology as follows:

Starting in the 1970s, Bookchin argued that the arena for libertarian social change should be the municipal level.

Social ecology is associated with the ideas and works of Murray Bookchin, who had written on such matters from the 1950s until his death, and, from the 1960s, had combined these issues with revolutionary social anarchism.

* Murray Bookchin ( American social philosopher )

Bookchin sets his social anarchism in opposition to individualist, primitivist and post-modern forms of anarchism ( represented, he maintains, by such anarchist philosophers as John Zerzan and Hakim Bey ).< Ref > It has provoked criticism from anarchist writers like Bob Black and John Clark, who view Bookchin's polemic as misguided.

Another strong influence on the organization was the " Free Society " collective which was influenced by the social ecology theories of Murray Bookchin.

The unbridgeable chasm of the book's title is between individual " autonomy "-which for Bookchin is a bourgeois illusion-and social " freedom ", which implies direct democracy, municipalism, and leftist concerns with social opportunities.

He alleges that Bookchin adopts a " work ethic ", and that his favored themes, such as the denunciation of Yuppies, actually repeat themes in mass consumer culture, and that he fails to analyze the social basis of capitalist " selfishness "; instead, Black calls for an enlightened " selfishness " which is simultaneously social, as in Max Stirner's work.

Bookchin, Black claims, has misunderstood the critique of work as asocial, when in fact it proposes non-compulsive social relations.

Murray Bookchin has identified post-left anarchy as a form of individualist anarchism in Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm where he says he identifies " a shift among Euro-American anarchists away from social anarchism and toward individualist or lifestyle anarchism.

Influential American anarchists include Josiah Warren, Henry David Thoreau, Lysander Spooner, Lucy Parsons, Murray Rothbard, Benjamin Tucker, Voltairine de Cleyre, Johann Most, Luigi Galleani, Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, social ecologist Murray Bookchin, Paul Goodman, and linguist Noam Chomsky.

A pioneer in the ecology movement, Bookchin was the founder of the social ecology movement within libertarian socialist and ecological thought.

In a broad sense, people who may share with " traditional socialism a distrust of the market, of private investment, and of the achievement ethic, and a commitment to expansion of the welfare state " might sometimes be described as “ left-libertarians .” More narrowly, some social anarchists and libertarian socialists, including Murray Bookchin, are sometimes characterized as “ left-libertarian .”, and Noam Chomsky, who identifies as a “ libertarian socialist ,” applies the “ left-libertarian ” label to himself.

Murray BookchinSocial ecology is closely related to the work and ideas of Murray Bookchin and influenced by anarchist Peter Kropotkin.

In 1958, Bookchin defined himself as an anarchist, seeing parallels between anarchism and ecology.

In 1987, as the keynote speaker at the first gathering of the U. S. Greens in Amherst, Massachusetts, Bookchin initiated a critique of deep ecology, indicting it for misanthropy, neo-Malthusianism, biocentricism, and irrationalism.

It was through Read's writings on anarchism that Murray Bookchin was inspired in the mid-1960s to explore the connections between anarchism and ecology.

Black's other recent interest, which grew out of his polemics with Bookchin, is the relation of democracy to anarchism.

" In 1980 Bookchin used the term " libertarian municipalism ", to describe a system in which libertarian institutions of directly democratic assemblies would oppose and replace the state with a confederation of free municipalities.

In Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm, Murray Bookchin included Bey's work in what he called " lifestyle anarchism ", which he criticised for tendencies towards mysticism, occultism, and irrationalism.

In autumn of 1987, the Utne Reader published a letter by Murray Bookchin which claimed that Abbey, Garrett Hardin, and the members of Earth First!

Bookchin gives several documented examples, including a misnamed image by Jean Francisco Goya placed on the Fall / Winter 1993 cover of Fifth Estate-the title, " The Sleep of Reason Brings Forth Monsters " was altered to " The Dream of Reason Brings Forth Monsters " which changed its meaning to an attack on human reason rather than support of it.

Though he does not refer directly to Black's work ( an omission which Black interprets as symptomatic ), Bookchin clearly has Black's rejection of work as an implicit target when he criticises authors such as John Zerzan and Dave Watson, whom he controversially labels part of the same tendency.

Black accuses Bookchin of moralism, which in post-left anarchism, refers to the imposition of abstract categories on reality in ways which twist and repress desires ( as distinct from " ethics ", which is an ethos of living similar to Friedrich Nietzsche's call for an ethic " beyond good and evil "), and of " puritanism ", a variant of this.

Bookchin never replied to Black ’ s critiques in full, which the latter continued in such essays as " Withered Anarchism ," " An American in Paris ," and " Murray Bookchin and the Witch-Doctors.

Bookchin, as noted by Black in Nightmares of Reason, eventually came to reject anarchism as having “ always been ” essentially individualistic and ineffective, despite his self-professed attempts to rescue it ; in its stead, he founded a new libertarian socialist ideology of his own, which he called " Communalism ".

Social anarchists, including Murray Bookchin, anarcho-communists such as Peter Kropotkin and anarcho-collectivists such as Mikhail Bakunin, are sometimes called left-libertarian.