The symbol was used to represent the sovereign authority of the King over France during the reign of the Bourbon monarchs.

Henry IV of France, King of List of French monarchs | France and List of Navarrese monarchs | Navarre, was the first French House of Bourbon | Bourbon king.

The two Bourbon monarchs were also joined by Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, who hoped to secure gains from the Austrian Duchies of Milan and Mantua.

However, France had permanently broken the threat of encirclement by Habsburg powers and France and Spain, both under Bourbon monarchs, remained allies during the following years.

Spain and Luxembourg currently have Bourbon monarchs.

The chain of Bourbon monarchs begun in 1589 was broken.

The French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars spread nationalism and anti-absolutism throughout Europe, and the other Bourbon monarchs were threatened.

The European phenomenon of equal primogeniture has doomed the security that the Bourbon monarchs once had.

See also: Kings of France family tree, List of French monarchs, Carolingians, Capetian dynasty, House of Capet, House of Valois, House of Bourbon, House of Orléans

The exceptionally important royal collection, which forms the nucleus of the present-day Museo del Prado, started to increase significantly in the 16th century during the time of Charles V and continued under the succeeding Habsburg and Bourbon monarchs.

With the conquest of the left bank of the Rhine and domination of the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy, the Republic had achieved nearly all the territorial goals that had eluded the Valois and Bourbon monarchs for centuries.

In periods of monarchical government, exiled monarchs or dynasties sometimes set up exile courts — as the House of Stuart did when driven from their throne by Oliver Cromwell and at the Glorious Revolution, or the House of Bourbon did during the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon.

Several leaders of the Italian risorgimento movement were exiled in Malta by the Bourbon monarchs during this period, including Francesco Crispi, and Ruggiero Settimo.

The social structure stayed hierarchical, if not feudal, while the Catholic Church and Bourbon monarchs wrestled for internal supremacy.

Louis Antoine de Bourbon, ( Duke of Enghien, " duc d ' Enghien " pronounced ; the i is silent ) ( Louis Antoine Henri ; 2 August 1772 – 21 March 1804 ) was a relative of the Bourbon monarchs of France.

Spain and Luxembourg currently have Bourbon monarchs.

The painting was made after the July Revolution of 1830 which deposed Charles X of France, the last of the French Bourbon monarchs.

Historian Charles J. Esdaile describes Machado's " two Spains " as " the one clerical, absolutist and reactionary, and the other secular, constitutional and progressive ," but views this picture of the first Spain as " far too simplistic ", in that it lumps the enlightened absolutism of the 18th century Bourbon monarchs with the reactionary politics that simply wanted to restore the " untrammeled enjoyment " of the privileges of the Church and aristocracy.

Bourbon kings first ruled Navarre and France in the 16th century.

Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg married a cadet of the Parmese line and thus her successors, who have ruled Luxembourg since her abdication in 1964, have also been members of the House of Bourbon.

The pre-Capetian House of Bourbon was a noble family, dating at least from the beginning of the 13th century, when the estate of Bourbon was ruled by a Lord or Seigneur who was a vassal of the King of France.

Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793 ) was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and Navarre until 1791, and then as King of the French from 1791 to 1792, before being deposed and executed in 1793.

Louis XV ( 15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774 ) was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death.

Louis Stanislas now unilaterally declared himself regent for his nephew, who was too young to be head of the House of Bourbon ( since the French monarchy had been abolished for several months, Louis XVII never actually ruled, and any claim to regency would have been in name only ).

Louis XIII ( 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643 ) was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1610 to 1643.

In 1560, during the French Wars of Religion, a conspiracy by members of the Huguenot House of Bourbon against the House of Guise that virtually ruled France in the name of the young Francis II was uncovered by the comte de Guise and stifled by a series of hangings, which took a month to carry out.

In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht concluded the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 – 14 ) and reduced the political and military power of Spain, which the House of Bourbon had ruled since 1700.

Members of the same patrilineage may therefore come to rule entirely different countries and espouse national loyalties or cultural ties to nations other than the one ruled by the first monarch in the family — yet they may still acknowledge bonds based on membership in the same dynasty ( e. g. Bourbon Family Compact ), and may still inherit thrones or bequeath assets based upon that kinship, sometimes centuries later.

The elder Bourbon branch ( as represented by Louis XVIII and later by its last scion, Henri, Comte de Chambord ) was prepared to grant ( octroyer ) a charter of liberties or constitution, but insisted that they ruled by " divine right " and conferred these liberties on their subjects of their own free will.

Between 1732 and 1859, Parma and Piacenza were ruled by the House of Bourbon.

A descendant of King Louis-Philippe ( ruled 1830 – 1848 ), he is the current head of the Orléans line of the Bourbon dynasty.

The eldest ( a son of Ermengarde de Bourbon ), Geoffrey IV Martel, ruled jointly with him for some time, but died in 1106.

In fact, he was the founder of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, and thus the direct ancestor of Louis Philippe I, who ruled France from 1830 till 1848 in the July Monarchy.

Before the French Revolutionary Wars, Naples was ruled by the Bourbon King Ferdinand IV.

Thus an unlikely alliance was formed in Mexico: liberales, or Liberals, who favored a democratic Mexico, and conservadores, or Conservatives, who favored a Mexico ruled by a Bourbon monarch who would restore the status quo ante bellum.

During the time that the House of Bourbon ruled France from the reign of King Henry IV of France to the reign of King Louis-Philippe of the French, the Princes de Conti were considered Princes du Sang.

Louis François Joseph de Bourbon ( 1 September 1734 – 13 March 1814 ) was the last Prince of Conti, scion of a cadet branch of the Bourbon dynasty, senior branches of which ruled France until 1848.

On 21 December 1988, the Tribunal de grand instance of Paris ruled that the lawsuit was inadmissible because the title's legal existence could not be proven ; that neither the plaintiff ( Henri ) nor the intervenors ( Fernando and Sixtus ) had established their claims to the title ; and that Henri was not injured from the use of the plain arms of France by the Spanish branch of the Bourbon family.

Bourbon vanilla is named for the period when the island of Réunion was ruled by the Bourbon kings of France ; it does not contain Bourbon whiskey.

* then to Henry III of Navarre, who became Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.

Charles IX passed through the city at the time of his royal tour of France between 1564 and 1566, accompanied by the Court and various noblemen: his brother the Duke of Anjou, Henri de Navarre, the cardinals of Bourbon and Lorraine.

* October 26 – Rouen is captured by Royalist forces under Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, who is mortally wounded.

The Protestants looked for leadership first to Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, the First Prince of the Blood, and then, with more success, to his brother, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, who backed a plot to overthrow the Guises by force.

Catherine visited the deathbed of Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, after he was fatally wounded by an arquebus shot.

When Henry III was assassinated on 31 July 1589, Navarre became the first Bourbon king of France as Henry IV.

Louis XVIII ( Louis Stanislas Xavier ; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824 ), known as " the Desired " ( le Desiré ), was a Bourbon King of France and of Navarre from 1814 to 1824, omitting the Hundred Days in 1815.

Henry of Navarre and the House of Bourbon allied with the Huguenots, adding wealth and holdings to the Protestant strength.

Catherine decides to make an overture of goodwill by offering up Margot in marriage to prominent Huguenot and King of Navarre, Henri de Bourbon, although she also schemes to bring about the notorious St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572, when thousands of Protestants are slaughtered.

Henry III of Navarre succeeded him as Henry IV, the first of the Bourbon kings.

Louis XIII's paternal grandparents were Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme and Jeanne d ' Albret, Queen of Navarre ; his maternal grandparents were Francesco I de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Johanna, archduchess of Austria, and Eleonora de ' Medici, his maternal aunt, was his godmother.

Henry was the youngest son of Theobald I of Navarre and Margaret of Bourbon.

By his wife Margaret d ' Angoulême, sister of Francis I, he had a daughter, Jeanne d ' Albret, queen of Navarre, who married Anthony de Bourbon, duke of Vendôme, and became the mother of Henry IV, king of France.

Some single and minor pieces, an epithalamium on Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne de Navarre ( 1550 ), a " Hymne de la France " ( 1549 ), an " Ode a la Paix ," preceded the publication in 1550 of the four first books (" first " is characteristic and noteworthy ) of the Odes of Pierre de Ronsard.

** House of Navarre ( inherited by the Bourbon dynasty, a line of the Capetian dynasty )

The county of Vendôme was raised to the rank of a duchy and a peerage of France for Charles of Bourbon ( 1515 ); his son Antoine de Bourbon, king of Navarre, was the father of Henry IV, who gave the duchy of Vendôme in 1598 to his illegitimate son César de Bourbon ( 1594 – 1665 ).