However, exactly 100 years after Braid introduced the method, another expert could still state: " It can be safely stated that nine out of ten hypnotic techniques call for reclining posture, muscular relaxation, and optical fixation followed by eye closure.

Braid extended Carpenter's theory to encompass the observation that a wide variety of bodily responses, other than muscular movement, can be thus affected, e. g., the idea of sucking a lemon can automatically stimulate salivation, a secretory response.

This can cross-over with other action genres: a platform game which requires a novel mechanic to complete levels might be a " puzzle platformer ", such as manipulating time in Braid.

* In his book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, Douglas Hofstadter explains how Shepard scales can be used on the Canon a 2, per tonos in Bach's Musical Offering ( called the Endlessly Rising Canon by Hofstadter ) for making the modulation end in the same pitch instead of an octave higher.

* Braid, J., " Experimental Inquiry to determine whether Hypnotic and Mesmeric Manifestations can be adduced in proof of Phrenology.

One of the most lucid statements of a Gödel based anti-mechanism argument can be found in Douglas Hofstadter's Pulitzer Prize winning book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid.

Despites pleas from fans, the show has never been released on DVD or CD, although 2 tracks (' Edge of Seventeen ' and ' Gold and Braid ') can be found on the 1998 boxset " The Enchanted Works Of Stevie Nicks ".

Later, in his The Physiology of Fascination ( 1855 ), Braid conceded that his original terminology was misleading, and argued that the term " hypnotism " or " nervous sleep " should be reserved for the minority ( 10 %) of subjects who exhibit amnesia, substituting the term " monoideism ", meaning concentration upon a single idea, as a description for the more alert state experienced by the others.

The original Victorian pioneers of hypnotism, including Braid and Bernheim, did not employ these concepts but considered hypnotic suggestions to be addressed to the subject's conscious mind.

Although he rejected the transcendental / metaphysical interpretation given to these phenomena outright, Braid accepted that these accounts of Oriental practices supported his view that the effects of hypnotism could be produced in solitude, without the presence of any other person ( as he had already proved to his own satisfaction with the experiments he had conducted in November 1841 ); and he saw correlations between many of the " metaphysical " Oriental practices and his own " rational " neuro-hypnotism, and totally rejected all of the fluid theories and magnetic practices of the mesmerists.

: Not to be confused with the River Braid, Ballymena, Northern Ireland.

Braid regarded the physiological condition underlying hypnotism to be the over-exercising of the eye muscles through the straining of attention.

Braid groups may also be given a deeper mathematical interpretation: as the fundamental group of certain configuration spaces.

Braid groups find applications in knot theory, since any knot may be represented as the closure of certain braids.

Even if it is probable that electrobiologists antecede Braid in the conception of their system it is probably after this European period of some of these electro-biologists that the name “ Hypnotism ” began to be used by electro-biologists as more pregnant as the old name of electro-biology.

This meant that Braid was free to be a band full-time.

Alan Fraser was relieved of his duties for failing to meet the ambitions of the United board just hours after the final League game of the season, which also proved to be long-serving Dessie Loughery ’ s last game as he made a controversial move to Coleraine after 11 years at the Braid.

However, Braid also expressed reservations about Esdaile's claims of supernatural powers possessed by certain subjects, and the fact that his operations were yet to be demonstrated in British hospitals.

His stage demonstrations of animal magnetism in Manchester influenced surgeon James Braid to pursue the study of what came to be known as hypnotism ( note that Braid's hypnotism was significantly different from Lafontaine's mesmerism ).

The Scottish surgeon James Braid, the English physiologist W. B. Carpenter and others pointed out, however, that the phenomena could depend upon the expectation of the sitters, and could be stopped altogether by appropriate suggestion.

After Braid parted ways he went on to be the drummer for Hey Mercedes with Todd Bell and Bob Nanna, and he briefly covered drums for labelmate Saves The Day when Bryan Newman left the band.

Artwork at Braid features wooden timbers inside the platform level, and pavers with inspirational words that imply positive things installed into the station lobby floor.

Braid elaborated upon this brief definition in a later work:

Braid's original description of his induction is as follows: Braid himself later acknowledged that the hypnotic induction technique was not necessary in every case and subsequent researchers have generally found that on average it contributes less than previously expected to the effect of hypnotic suggestions ( q. v., Barber, Spanos & Chaves, 1974 ).

In his later works, however, Braid placed increasing emphasis upon the use of a variety of different verbal and non-verbal forms of suggestion, including the use of " waking suggestion " and self-hypnosis.

Braid made a rough distinction between different stages of hypnosis, which he termed the first and second conscious stage of hypnotism ; he later replaced this with a distinction between " sub-hypnotic ", " full hypnotic ", and " hypnotic coma " stages.

In his later works, Braid reserved the term " hypnotism " for cases in which subjects entered a state of amnesia resembling sleep.

In early 1842 — as a response to a personal attack upon himself and his work that had been made in a sermon delivered by a Manchester cleric, M ‘ Neile, and had been published a few days later in an unaltered form, despite Braid's attempts to rectify the misunderstandings he felt it contained — Braid privately published the contents of an ( unanswered ) letter that he had written to the cleric as a twelve page booklet entitled Satanic Agency and Mesmerism Reviewed ( Braid, 1842 ).

" Braid later changed his sleep-based physiological theory to a psychological one which emphasized mental concentration on a single idea, giving this the name of monoideism in 1847 ".

Wilkinson soon became a passionate advocate of Braid's work and his published remarks on hypnotism were quoted enthusiastically by Braid several times in his later writings.

In a later work, Observations on Trance or Human Hybernation ( 1850 ), Braid provides probably the first account of self-hypnosis by someone employing it upon themselves.

Coincidentally, Rhett was commissioned to paint the portrait of a then 19 year old Charleston resident Alexandra Braid, later known as Alexandra Ripley, author of Scarlett ( 1991 ), the sequel to Gone with the Wind.

A trove of finished material for the album, with the same band of musicians, was not included on the official ten-song 42-minute album release in the summer of 1981 – " Blue Lamp ", which was released instead on the Heavy Metal soundtrack later in 1981, " Gold and Braid ", performed live in concert during Nicks ' 1981 concert tour, and " Sleeping Angel ", released on the Fast Times at Ridgemont High soundtrack in 1982.

By the end of the show, Ewing was walking around introducing Broach to friends as ' the newest member of the band ,' much to the surprise of Broach ( and probably the rest of the band )... a couple of tryouts later, and a line-up change ( Broach replaced Pete Havranek on guitar, as well )-and Broach was a member of Braid, recording his guitar parts on the first 7-inch the band ever released a week later.

According to his writings, Braid began to hear reports concerning various Oriental meditative practices soon after the release of his first publication on hypnotism, Neurypnology ( 1843 ).

In Braid's day, the Scottish School of Common Sense provided the dominant theories of academic psychology and Braid refers to other philosophers within this tradition throughout his writings.

In 1843 James Braid, a Scottish physician proposed the term hypnosis for a technique derived from magnetism but more limited in its claimed effects, and also different in its conception.

The words hypnosis and hypnotism both derive from the term neuro-hypnotism ( nervous sleep ) coined by the Scottish surgeon James Braid around 1841.

The earliest definition of hypnosis was given by Braid, who coined the term " hypnotism " as an abbreviation for " neuro-hypnotism ", or nervous sleep, which he opposed to normal sleep, and defined as: " a peculiar condition of the nervous system, induced by a fixed and abstracted attention of the mental and visual eye, on one object, not of an exciting nature.

Whilst Braid differed in offering an explanation of hypnotic effects that did not rely on supernatual forces, he credited the methods used in hypnosis to the practice of Mesmerism.

Scottish surgeon James Braid, who coined the term " hypnotism ", claimed that focused attention was essential for creating hypnotic trances ; indeed, his thesis was that hypnosis was in essence a state of extreme focus.

Braid adopted the term " hypnotism " as an abbreviation for " neuro-hypnotism " or nervous sleep ( that is, sleep of the nerves ), in his lectures of 1841-2, and it is from his influential work that others derived the term " hypnosis " in the 1880s.

In 1997 Braid ’ s part in developing hypnosis for therapeutic purposes was recognized and commemorated by the creation of the James Braid Society, a discussion group for those “ involved or concerned in the ethical uses of hypnosis .” The society meets once a month in central London, usually for a presentation on some aspect of hypnotherapy.

However, Braid continually revised his theory and practice and carried out many, albeit primitive, experiments on hypnosis.