The earliest definition of hypnosis was given by Braid, who coined the term " hypnotism " as an abbreviation for " neuro-hypnotism ", or nervous sleep, which he opposed to normal sleep, and defined as: " a peculiar condition of the nervous system, induced by a fixed and abstracted attention of the mental and visual eye, on one object, not of an exciting nature.

Later, in his The Physiology of Fascination ( 1855 ), Braid conceded that his original terminology was misleading, and argued that the term " hypnotism " or " nervous sleep " should be reserved for the minority ( 10 %) of subjects who exhibit amnesia, substituting the term " monoideism ", meaning concentration upon a single idea, as a description for the more alert state experienced by the others.

However, by far the most influential method was the original " eye-fixation " technique of Braid, also known as " Braidism ".

Braid's original description of his induction is as follows: Braid himself later acknowledged that the hypnotic induction technique was not necessary in every case and subsequent researchers have generally found that on average it contributes less than previously expected to the effect of hypnotic suggestions ( q. v., Barber, Spanos & Chaves, 1974 ).

The first neuropsychological theory of hypnotic suggestion was introduced early on by James Braid who adopted his friend and colleague William Carpenter's theory of the ideo-motor reflex response to account for the phenomenon of hypnotism.

Braid soon assimilated Carpenter's observations into his own theory, realising that the effect of focusing attention was to enhance the ideo-motor reflex response.

The name " quine " was coined by Douglas Hofstadter, in his popular science book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, in the honor of philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine ( 1908 – 2000 ), who made an extensive study of indirect self-reference, and in particular for the following paradox-producing expression, known as Quine's paradox:

Also of importance to the development of CAD was the development of the B-rep solid modeling kernels ( engines for manipulating geometrically and topologically consistent 3D objects ) Parasolid ( ShapeData ) and ACIS ( Spatial Technology Inc .) at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, both inspired by the work of Ian Braid.

Scottish surgeon James Braid, who coined the term " hypnotism ", claimed that focused attention was essential for creating hypnotic trances ; indeed, his thesis was that hypnosis was in essence a state of extreme focus.

James Braid ( 19 June 1795 – 25 March 1860 ) was born at Ryelaw House, in the parish of Portmoak, Kinross, Scotland.

He was the son of James Braid and Anne Suttie.

A Scottish physician and surgeon, specialising in eye and muscular conditions, Braid was an important and influential pioneer of hypnotism and hypnotherapy.

Braid was apprenticed to Leith surgeons Charles Anderson ( i. e., both the father and the son ), and attended the University of Edinburgh from 1812 – 1814, where he was also influenced by Thomas Brown, M. D.

Braid was a highly skilled and very successful surgeon, educated at Edinburgh University, and a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons ( M. R. C. S.

Despite being initially accepted for presentation, the paper was controversially rejected at the last moment ; but Braid arranged for a series of Conversaziones at which he presented its contents.

Although Braid was the first to use the terms hypnotism, hypnotize and hypnotist in English, the cognate terms hypnotique, hypnotisme, hypnotiste had been intentionally used by the French magnetist Baron Etienne Félix d ' Henin de Cuvillers ( 1755 – 1841 ) at least as early as 1820.

Braid, moreover, was the first person to use " hypnotism " in its modern sense, referring to a " psycho-physiological " theory rather than the " occult " theories of the magnetists.

In 1997 Braid ’ s part in developing hypnosis for therapeutic purposes was recognized and commemorated by the creation of the James Braid Society, a discussion group for those “ involved or concerned in the ethical uses of hypnosis .” The society meets once a month in central London, usually for a presentation on some aspect of hypnotherapy.

" was released in 1960 as: Braid, J., Braid on Hypnotism: The Beginnings of Modern Hypnosis, The Julian Press, ( New York ), 1960.

The words hypnosis and hypnotism both derive from the term neuro-hypnotism ( nervous sleep ) coined by the Scottish surgeon James Braid around 1841.

James Braid ( surgeon ) | James Braid.

* James Braid ( surgeon )

However, in 1843, the Scottish surgeon James Braid proposed the theory of hypnotism as a radical alternative, in opposition to Mesmerism.

* March 25 – James Braid, Scottish surgeon ( b. 1795 )

* November 13 – Scottish surgeon James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism by Charles Lafontaine in Manchester, which leads to his study of the phenomenon that he ( Braid ) eventually calls hypnotism.

* June 19 – James Braid, Scottish surgeon, hypnotism pioneer ( d. 1860 )

James Braid, surgeon and pioneer of hypnotism and hypnotherapy, practised in Dumfries from 1825 to 1828 in partnership with William Maxwell.

* Entry for both James Braid and his son in the ( first ) U. K. medical register of 1859 ( bottom of page 38 ), indicating that Braid never held a M. D., and that he was a surgeon

On Thursday February 20, 1817, during a severe electrical storm James Braid, then surgeon at Lord Hopetoun's mines at Leadhills, Lanarkshire, had an extraordinary experience whilst on horseback:

The English term " hypnotism " was introduced in 1841 by the Scottish physician and surgeon James Braid.

Hypnosis originates from the practice of Mesmerism, being an attempt at what the surgeon James Braid described as " rational mesmerism ".

* James Braid ( surgeon ) ( 1795 – 1860 )

His stage demonstrations of animal magnetism in Manchester influenced surgeon James Braid to pursue the study of what came to be known as hypnotism ( note that Braid's hypnotism was significantly different from Lafontaine's mesmerism ).

The Scottish surgeon James Braid, the English physiologist W. B. Carpenter and others pointed out, however, that the phenomena could depend upon the expectation of the sitters, and could be stopped altogether by appropriate suggestion.

A friend of surgeon James Braid and physiologist William Benjamin Carpenter, he is distinguished for his contributions to the study of mental illness and epidemic diseases.

When Braid introduced the concept of hypnotism, he equivocated over the nature of the " state ", sometimes describing it as a specific sleep-like neurological state comparable to animal hibernation or yogic meditation, while at other times he emphasised that hypnotism encompasses a number of different stages or states that are

Braid summarized and contrasted his own view with the other views prevailing at that time.

* Braid, J., " The Physiology of Fascination " ( Miscellaneous Contribution to the Botany and Zoology including Physiology Section ), Report of the Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the British Association ; Held at Glasgow in September 1855, John Murray, ( London ), 1856, pp. 120 – 121.

Nebst Anmerkungen und einer nachgelassenen Abhandlung von Braid aus dem Jahre 1845 Lectures delivered at the Emperor Frederick William ’ s University at Berlin by W. Preyer.

Past winners at St Andrews include Tiger Woods ( twice ), John Daly, Nick Faldo, Seve Ballesteros, Jack Nicklaus ( twice ), Tony Lema, Kel Nagle, Bobby Locke, Peter Thomson, Sam Snead, Dick Burton, Denny Shute, Bobby Jones, Jock Hutchison, James Braid ( twice ), John Henry Taylor ( twice ), Hugh Kirkaldy, Jack Burns, Bob Martin ( twice ), Jamie Anderson, Tom Kidd, Lorena Ochoa, and most recently Louis Oosthuizen at the 2010 Open Championship.

In 1998, Braid recorded their third album at Inner Ear Studios with producer J. Robbins.

On August 10th, 2012, Braid played at Union Transfer in Philadelphia, PA with polyvinyl label mate Owen.

* Braid artist page at Polyvinyl

Alan Fraser was relieved of his duties for failing to meet the ambitions of the United board just hours after the final League game of the season, which also proved to be long-serving Dessie Loughery ’ s last game as he made a controversial move to Coleraine after 11 years at the Braid.

It proved a season of rebuilding in the second-tier of Irish League football as the erratic Shiels made a number of ' big-name ' signings which all flopped before the eyes of the supporters ; former Northern Ireland goalkeeper Tommy Wright, former Leeds United defender Paul Beesley and Liberian striker Leon Browne all failed miserably to make an impact at the Braid.

It is particularly well-preserved at the Braid Hills golf course in Edinburgh.

The basic method for BREP was developed independently in the early 1970s by both Ian C. Braid in Cambridge ( for CAD ) and Bruce G. Baumgart at Stanford ( for computer vision ).